This study aims to look at the rate of primary productivity utilization in Jakarta waters by fisheries activities which are divided into two main zones using the Human appropriation of net primary production approach and the primary production recquirement. The fishery zone is divided based on the type of vessel weight size, namely zone I for ships with sizes <5GT and zone II for 5-10GT vessel sizes. The method used in calculating PRRi is to use the approach of Pauly and Chirstensen (1995) while for HANPP we transform the approach of Erb et al. 2009 to the Djau 2013 approach to see the value of HANPP fisheries. From the analysis, it can be seen that the PPR value for zone I is equal to 1,63 x 108 kgC.y-1 while for zone II amounting to 1,44 x 108 kgC.y-1. For HANPP value for zona II is equal 5,12 x 1010 kj and zone I 4,04 x 1010 kj. Total value (zona I dan II) PPRo = 9,88 x1010 , PPRh = 7 x 109 kj, and HANPP total = 9,17 x 1010 kj. The conclusion from this analysis is shown that harvesting rate of primary productivity by fisheries in Jakarta waters reaches more than 95% of total energy availability it means that the fisheries activities has given considerable pressure to the waters.

Jute seed production season, methods and related practices for yield and their economics were selected for its being large concentration point in relation to production methods, yield and cost in Bangladesh. The technical review paper provides crucial insights regarding the past, present status and future prospects of jute seed scenarios of the country. The whole contents of the article covering all aspects of jute seed including strategies in overcoming the acute jute seed shortage of the country. Data were collected from different print media like different annual reports and journals during the year 2018 at Agronomy Division, Bangladesh Jute Research Institute (BJRI), Dhaka. Jute is grown in about 0.8 million hectares of land by about 3.5-4.0 million farmers. To cultivate that amount of land, the it require about 5000 to 5500 tons of seed. One of the most important problems for jute production in Bangladesh is the non-availability of quality seed at proper time of sowing. Only about 15%-20% quality jute seeds are supplied by institutional sources however the rest amount of quality seeds yet to be managed to supply. Bangladesh Jute Research Institute (BJRI) produces nucleus seed to produce “Breeder seed” duly certified by Seed Certification Agency (SCA). Bangladesh Agricultural Development Corporation (BADC) collects Breeder seeds from BJRI for producing Foundation seeds at its own multiplication farms. BADC produces certified seeds through its contract growers. Besides, BJRI also produces 8-10 tons of Truthfully Leveled Seed (TLS) and distributed to the farmers. Since its inception BJRI has developed 42 varieties of jute fibre crops. Jute seed could be produced by direct seeding, plant top/stem cutting and seedling transplanting methods, called improved methods. In traditional method it took 240 to 270 days of field duration for seed production. In contrast 120 to 160 days of field duration required for any improved method. Seed sowing generally done during March-April for jute fibre, a part of matured plant’s of the same land kept for seed production in traditional system. However, in off-season, June-July was proved appropriate sowing time for Corchorus capsularis L.

The use of preservatives in inhibiting and retarding the growth of microorganism responsible for the spoilage or decay of food substance is of great interest. The anti-microbial activities of plant extracts like pawpaw form the basis for many applications, including raw and processed food preservation, pharmaceuticals, alternative medicines and natural therapies. Therefore, this work was aimed at evaluating the preservative effect of pawpaw (carica papaya) seed extract on some selected food materials. T-solo variety of pawpaw was obtained from Akintola Farm, Kinnira, Ogbomoso and the seeds were fermented. Extracts from the fermented seeds were obtained using petroleum ether, n-hexane and hot aqueous solvents. Antioxidative study was carried out on the crude extracts using 1,1- diphenyl-1- picrylhydrazil radical (DPPH) assay. Total Viable Bacteria (TVB) and Total Fungi Count (TFC) of akara, fish, soymilk and dairy milk were carried out. The DPPH were 42.14, 33.28, 18.85% for petroleum ether, n-hexane and hot aqueous extracts, respectively. The TVB and TFC of akara, fish, soymilk and dairy milk samples ranged (1.00 -1.42 x104, 0.60-1.57 x102; 1.30- 2.28x104, 1.50-2.22x102; 1.43-2.37x104, 0.80-2.86 x102 cfu/g and 1.20-2.60 x 104, 1.05 - 1.67 x 102 cfu/g), respectively.

In Yabello most of the range land was changed in to agricultural area and the remaining part were exposed to overgrazing and become seriously degraded. The aim of this study was in order to assess the impact of overgrazing on the soil characteristics of Yabello rangeland. The soil physico –chemical characteristics were evaluated by using three (3) grazing intensity level (ungrazed, moderate grazing and over grazing (each with 2 ha) were selected, which were located about 100 to 150m apart within a 10 ha area. This study indicates that Overgrazing homogenized soil characteristics. The ranges of spatial autocorrelation for soil organic C (SOC) and total N were at the HG site, which was considerably larger than that at the MG and OG sites. Soil nutrients such as organic C, N and K were show a small higher variation in the ungrazed areas than as compared to both moderately grazing and overgrazing, even though, a variation were generally low and differed non-significantly in all the study sites. Results on soil texture revealed that the sand, silt and clay contents were not much difference in the three land-use systems. In general, since the complex nature of soil nutrient patterns, which are largely dependent on land-uses and topography and also the current study were done based on small sample areas we call up researchers for a more broad-based additional research investigation to provide stronger and basic information in the Yabello rangelands in this regard.

Leaf ethanolic extracts of six Senna species namely S. occidentalis, S. hirsuta, S. siamea, S. obtusifolia, S. polyphylla and S. alata were obtained using the cold extraction method. The extracts were tested for antimicrobial activity against five organisms, namely Escherichia coli, Klebssiella pneumonia, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumonia and Salmonella typhi. The agar well diffusion method was used to carry out this test. The study on antimicrobial activities shows that ethanolic extracts of the six Senna species possess antibacterial activity against human pathogens used in this study. The antibacterial activities of the extracts were more pronounced at higher concentration than at lower concentration in the species of Senna investigated. However, Senna alata showed more antimicrobial acivity. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the plant extracts ranged from 21.5 mg/ml to 62.5 mg/ ml with Senna alata having the lowest value (31.25 mg/ ml) for the pathogen tested except Klebssiella pneumonia (65.5 mg/ml) while the other Senna species have similar minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). The antimicrobial activity of ethanolic extract of Senna alata was favourably compared with the standard drug, ciprofloxacin. The antibacterial activities of the plant extract could possibly be due to alkaloids and flavonoids. Bioactive substance from these six Senna species can therefore be employed in the formation of antimicrobial agent for the treatment of various bacterial infections or diseases.

Vermiculture employ earthworms for decomposition of organic waste for production of organic manure. The importance of earthworms is known since time immemorial and it is considered natural plough by the farmers. Earthworms are one of the most important fauna of agro-ecosystems which dominate the biomass of invertebrates in many soils of temperate and tropical regions of the world. The benefits are now globally realized that earthworms can contribute much to the management of different pedo-ecosystems. They are useful in land reclamation, soil improvement and organic waste management in addition to their use as a protein-rich source of animal feed. Earthworms eat and mix large amount of soil or in burrows, depending upon the species concerned. Their casts contain high concentration of organic material, silt, clay and cations such as iron, calcium, magnesium and potassium. Earthworms also release nitrogen in to soil in their casts and urine. Earthworms change the physical characteristics of soil by aerating during rain or irrigation. Earthworms thus enhance incorporation and decomposition of organic matter, increase soil aggregate, improve porosity and water infiltration and increase microbial activity. Vermiculture may be a boon for Fiji which is a small Island nation located in the South Pacific, 3000 km east of Australia and 1930 km south of the equator. It is endowed with excellent climate which is very much suitable for vermicomposting. The land and climate of Fiji are very good for growing horticultural crops such as vegetables and fruits. Fiji farmers use imported chemical fertilizers which is costly resulting farming as an expensive venture. The export market for organically produced crops is increasing worldwide providing excellent opportunity to the farmers to use organic manure produced locally. To meet the farmers‟ demands of organic manure there is a vast scope of vermiculture. The availability of plenty amount of plant biomass, number of suitable earthworm species and excellent tropical climate are in favour of simple vermiculture technology.