Loranthaceae are epiphytic hemiparasitic plants that cause considerable damage to cultivated and spontaneous woody plants around the world. These plants are also used locally to treat many health problems. The aim of this work is to identify the various potentials of Phragmanthera capitata exploited by tradi-practitioners of traditional medicine. An ethnobotanical survey based on direct and semi-structured interviews was conducted among 121 tradi-practitioners in the city of Douala. About 52.9% of the surveyed tradi-practitioners knew only P. capitata as a hemiparasitic plant while 47.1% knew about other Loranthaceae species. In the latter group, 56.2% differentiated them only through flowers. 26 plant species have been recognized as host plants to P. capitata, 73.1% of which are woody species. The most cited species were Persea americana, Dacryodes edulis and Psidium guajava. 64.5% of the tradi-practitioners surveyed used P. capitata only for medicinal purposes (UV = 0.64) and the rest added ritual practices (UV = 0.71). The inventory identified 38 health problems treated by this species among which, hypertension, diabetes, nerve pain, cancer, heart disorders and mystical diseases are the most concerned. The leaves (93.3%) and stems (56.7%) are mostly used. This study showed the importance of P. capitata in the traditional pharmacopoeia of Cameroon despite its pernicious nature. Phytochemical and pharmacological investigations are envisaged to highlight certain medicinal properties of P. capitata.

Both United Nations (UN) and Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) recognized the importance of protected areas (PAs) as a key strategy for biodiversity conservation and sustainable development. This makes global protected areas an important contribution to achieving these commitments. However, PA coverage alone does not effectively measure the overall effectiveness of the protected areas performance or conservation success, thus the effectiveness of the curved or designated PAs needs to be monitored. This paper investigated the Effectiveness of National Parks and Game Reserves in Tree Species Conservation in Dry Region of North-East Nigeria by comparing Gashaka-Gumti national (GGNP) park and Yankari Game reserve (YGR). Wandering quarter method of vegetation analysis was employed as instrument for data generation where five sampling points (five vegetation zones in GGNP and four angles and centre in YGR) were established in each of the PA for data collection. Basal area, percentage frequency, relative density, relative dominance, importance value index were determined on each species encountered. Mean distance between tree stands, mean area as well as number of trees per hectare were also calculated. Results obtained indicated higher species diversity in GGNP over that of YGR (53 and 22 respectively). Basal area records indicated highest (34, 552.6cm) at GGNP on Uapaca togoensis against highest at YGR (25, 598.2 cm) on Khaya senegalensis. Same trend was observed on measures of Relative density, relative dominance and importance value indices (IVI). Going by the IVI, the vegetations of the PAs were described as Uapaca-Crossopteryx-Danielli complex and Kyaya-Combretum-Danielli type of vegetation in GGNP and YGR respectively. Values for mean distance (dm) between Trees, mean area (MA) occupied by Tree and Density of Trees per hectare indicated 3.4m, 11.6m & 862 in GGNP respectively against 6.2m, 38.4m, & 260 in YGR respectively

To characterize, identified and precisely diagnose liver flukes genetic variability among population has great importance. Several molecular techniques based on DNA have been applied to molecularly characterized Fasciola isolates, but there is no data about genetic analysis of Fasciola isolates from District Mardan Pakistan. In current study Fasciola isolates of sheep and goat collected from District Mardan of Pakistan were genetically analyzed by amplifying ITS1 gene of rDNA through PCR technique. Band pattern of all isolates showed a single band of ~470bp in length indicating that there is no variation in ITS1 region size between sheep and goat isolates. Sequencing analysis also confirmed nil variation.

In this work derivation of Lorentz transformation by Newton second law using relativity speed. Also discussed many expression of relative mechanical relation and proper time and Relative coefficient form classical force and Minkowiski force in other side using Total relative energy of the moving particle to derivation Relative coefficient.

Objective: This study was carried out to detect presence of some secondary metabolites that may have antimicrobial activity and to evaluate the antioxidant activity and cytotoxicity of methanol extracts of six marine macroalgae belonging to green algae (Chlorophyceae), brown algae (Phaeophyceae) and the red algae (Rhodophyceae) collected from the intertidal area of the Sudanese Red Sea coast near Port Sudan. Methods: Preliminary phytochemical analysis, the DPPH radical scavenging and cytotoxicity screening were carried out in methanol extracts of the six macroalgae as per standard methods with few modifications. Results: Analysis revealed that secondary metabolites with higher medicinal activities such as saponin, cumarin, flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins triterpens and steroids were present. Anthraquinones, and cyanogenic glycosides were absent in all algal extracts. Most of samples were inactive in DPPH radical scavenging and has no cytotoxic effects. Conclusion: The study demonstrated clearly that macroalgae of the Red Sea can be significant sources of important compounds which may be used in formulation of drugs by the pharmaceutical industries.