The surface is an important component of many technical parts to ensure tribo-technical functions. Development of new types of coatings and their deposition methods provides technically exploitable coatings with good tribological properties. In experiments in addition to conventional parameters such as friction coefficient, temperature, etc. are analyzed the surface properties in friction and wear area before and after the tribological tests using different methods and analysis. The paper deals about the possibilities of image analysis methods, using the Matlab Image Processing Toolbox, obtained by SEM for coatings based on DLC/CN to document the morphology of the surface before the tribological test. By the geometric properties modifications and applications of a wider spectrum of sophisticated operations and algorithms in image analysis have been made about the surface morphology of coatings analyzed.

Experiment was conducted during raining season (June/July) at the Biological Sciences garden of Usmanu Danfodiyo University Sokoto, to determine the effect of different kinds of manure (neem litter, cow dung and poultry droppings) on the growth of Amaranthus viridis, Grown in polythene bags. The fertilizers (neem litter, Cowdung & poultry droppings) were applied at the rate of 1.5 g (gram) per polythene bag. The result showed that the plants fertilized with poultry droppings produced taller shoots and larger number of leaves, whereas the plants fertilized with neem litter, showed the lowest growth. The plants fertilized with cowdung were taller than plants fertilized with neem litter but smaller than plants fertilized with poultry droppings. Therefore based on this research it can be said that, poultry droppings may be used for high quality organic plant production.

Our objective was to determine if polymorphisms associated with bovine Hsp90 gene have potential as a selection tool for productivity traits in cattle. Genomic DNA was extracted from buffy coat samples of crossbred Angus (n = 26) cows. Data were analyzed with cow as the experimental unit, genotype as the main effect, and dependent variables (calving rate, Julian calving date, calf birth weight, calf weight and cow weight at weaning, and calculated cow efficiency). When F-tests were significant (P < 0.05) least-squares means were separated using multiple T-tests. Polymorphism A97G is a transition from adenine to guanine at base 97 of the 283 base amplicon. Of the 26 cows, 19 were homozygous for adenine, 7 were heterozygous, and no homozygous guanine, which resulted in a minor allele frequency of 13.5%. Calving rate and cow weaning weight were not (P > 0.9) associated with genotype at A97G. However, 205-day adjusted calf weight was associated (P = 0.0002) with A97G genotype (188 vs. 208.1  7.1 kg; respectively AA and AG). That heavier calf weaning weight improved (P=0.08) cow efficiency for AG cows (Table 2). Heterozygous cows shed their winter hair coats earlier than AA cows. June hair coat score for AG cows (1.6  0.17) was lower (P < 0.03) than June hair coat scores for AA cows (2.2  0.11). Single nucleotide polymorphism A97G was associated with productivity traits in beef cattle. Our results suggest that additional research with this mutation is warranted to determine its value as a genetic tool for selecting animals that are less susceptible to heat stress and related problems.

A study on bovine cysticercosis was conducted at Sokoto modern abattoir with the main objectives of determining the occurrence of cysticercosis in slaughtered cattle. A total of 80 samples were collected each containing of Heart, Tongue, Lungs, Liver, Kidney, Diaphragm and Masseter and investigated appropriately for Cysticercus cyst. Out of the total 80 inspected animals, 7 animals had variable number of Cysticercus bovis giving an overall prevalence of 8.8%. Anatomical distribution of the cyst showed that the highest proportions of C. bovis cyst were observed in tongue, followed by heart, triceps and masseter muscle. The main reason for the cysticercosis is the primary host (Humans) depositing T. saginata eggs on vegetation and from where cattle contracted the disease during grazing.

Pastoralism plays a role in nutritional, socio-economic and cultural needs of Nigerians. High cost of food importation and decline in resources to improve the nutritional standards made it essential to reduce dependency on imported produce in the country. However, pastoralists face serious problems in search of wetland and floodplains, on which they rely solely for food and water, especially during the dry season. Pastoralists are also being deprived of grazing land for reasons such as forest reserves, nature conservation and mining. They also need water for their animals and as such, its management is as important as the pastures. Hence, climate change affects the lives and activities of the pastoralist both directly and indirectly, despite their ability to easily adapt to climatic changes such as floods and droughts. High population pressure and higher demand for arable land are also threats to the pastoralist which prompted their utilization of marginal lands. This leads to constraints in grazing land, resulting in over grazing of the available ones and communal clashes that causes destruction of human and animal lives and as well as valuable properties. The literature reviewed in this article indicates that pastoralists develop rangelands ecosystems within extreme climates. It sustains the provision of goods and services to humanity and makes the soils more fertile by sequestering atmospheric carbon. SWOT-Analysis was conducted to reveal the strengths, opportunities and weaknesses of pastoralism as a system practiced in Nigeria and the way forward.