A total of 70 actinomycetes strains were isolated from dams and caves of Hadhramout –Yemen and screened for their anti-bacterial activity based on their color and activity against bacterial pathogens. Twenty isolates have shown activities against pathogenic bacteria. Fourteen isolates (70%) showed activity against Bacillus subtilis by agar disk diffusion, twelve isolates (60%) showed activity against Staphylococcus aureus and fifteen isolates (75%) showed activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The activity was minimal against Escherichia coli, having only 8 isolates (40%). Nine isolates were highly active with an inhibition zone more than 25 mm in diameter. Most of the isolates inhibited growth of tested Gram negative and Gram positive bacteria.

Trichobezoar is a rare intriguing disorder in which swallowed hair accumulate in the stomach. Trichobezoar occur most frequently in younger female patients with psychiatric disorders (Trichotillomania and trichophagia). We report a case of gastric trichobezoar in 22 year old female patient, who presented with the complaints of pain in abdomen, loss of appetite and lump in abdomen. Patient was having some cachectic look and without any history of psychiatric disorder and previous gastric surgery. She was investigated with ultrasonography, Barium meal study followed by Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy, which confirmed the diagnosis of trichobezoar. She underwent gastrotomy, trichobezoar was removed and she recovered well. Patient was advised to consult in psychiatry but we lost the patient as she did not return in follow up.

The adult earthworm Eudrilus eugenia are exposed to four sublethal concentrations such as 0.25gm/Kg, 0.5gm/Kg, 0.75gm/Kg and 1gm/Kg ZnO NPs. Biochemical and tissue damaging parameters are studied in Gut, Bodywall and Testis organs of both control and nanoparticles treated groups. The ANOVA results showed ZnO NPs treated groups results are significantly differed (p<0.05) than control group. Total Sugars, Total Cholesterol, Total Protein levels are significantly reduced whereas increased Urea, transaminase (GOT & GPT) and phosphatase (ALP & ACP) levels found in treated group organs. The results indicated that exposure of ZnO NPs through soil disturbed the basic biochemical compounds in tissues and their damages are indicated by increased enzyme levels.

The aim of the present study was to investigate the antibacterial properties of Acalypha indica. Number of resistant antibiotics is increasing and antibacterial activity testing is one of the steps to find treatment of diseases. Acalypha indica is well known medicinal plant and it is a wild plant. It was used as infection treatment for generation to treat several diseases such as asthma, and pneumonia.The susceptibility of five human pathogenic bacterial species to Acalyphin isolated from the leaves of Acalypha indica plant was screened using the agar well diffusion and broth micro-dilution assay. The purity of Acalyphin isolated was checked by TLC and column chromatography and total Acalyphin were quantified. In the present study, the inhibitory action of the Acalyphin was found to increase with an increase in concentration against all bacterial strains. The maximum zone of inhibition was observed at the concentration of 500 µg/ml against all the bacteria. In this study, the S. aureus and E. coli are the more susceptible than the other selected human pathogenic bacteria. From the above investigation the experimental Acalypha indica plant may solve the multidrug resistant bacteria problem and further higher studies is need for qualitative study for the present investigation.

Six cyanobacterial strains were isolated from pesticide exposed paddy field soil by enrichment method. The isolate exhibited unicellular and filamentous character and are designated and identified as JMCTTKC1-Phormidium pachydermaticum, JMCTTKC3-Oscillatoria chalybea, JMCTTKC4-Oscillatoria tenuis, JMCTTKC5-Oscillatoria ornata, JMCTTKC6-Chroococcus dispersus and JMCTTKC7-Phormidium tenue. The effect of 0.05% of lambdacyhalothrin was analysed on chlorophyll-a and protein content of the cyanobacterial isolates in mineral medium at different time intervals. The maximum level of chlorophyll-a content JMCTTKC4-Oscillatoria tenuis-39.3500µg/mL and protein content JMCTTKC6-Chroococcus dispersus- 99.9µg/mL was recorded on the 9th day sample. At the same time decreased level of chlorophyll-a content JMCTTKC1-Phormidium pachydermaticum-3.8597µg/mL and protein content JMCTTKC3-Oscillatoria chalybea 24.73µg/mL was observed on 13th day sample. From this above observation it was clearly noted that the selected isolates are capable of degrading Lamdacyhalothrin pesticide and used its metabolites as a sole carbon and nitrogen source for their growth.

Presently an experiment was conducted so as to understand the moulting behaviour in freshwater crab Maydelliatelphusa masoniana in the laboratory conditions. Out of eight crabs only five could moult while three died during ecdysis. All the crabs exhibited the same pattern of moulting viz., appearance of double lining in pereiopods, the old carapace becoming light in colour follow by its split along the posterolateral margin of the dorsal side, anterolateral border of the ventral side and posterior border of the chelipeds and legs. A new pre-exuvial soft layer is formed below the old carapace. The whole process of moulting got completed within 20-25 minutes.

The Murrel fish (Channa striata) is a of freshwater fish species, native to South Asian region and it contains high nutritional values. The murrel fish is a good source of Omega fatty acids and proteins, omega fatty acids and proteins helps to speed up the healing processes. For the present study Murrel Fish is purchased from local market of Aurangabad (MS) India. The fatty acid composition of oil extracted from Murrel fish has been investigated. Fatty acid composition of the oil is determined by Gas Chromatography. It is found that the Murrel Fish is rich in Palmitic acid, Stearic acid, Oleic acid, and Linoleic acid. Arachidonic acid, Behenic acid & Ricinoleic acid are also found in Murrel fish.

Nowadays, Aquatic pollution has become a global problem. Fishes are sensitive to a wide variety of pesticide chemicals. The effect of Cypermethrin (25% EC) pesticide on behaviour and histopathology of black molly, P. latipinna is studied. The 96hr LC50 concentration is found as 0.035ppm. 1/10th of the concentration 0.0035ppm is used for this study. Decreased swimming activity, excessive secretions of mucous around opercular region are observed in Cypermethrin exposed fishes. The gill histopathological changes observed in at 1st, 4th, 8th, 12th and 16th day of 0.0035ppm exposure exhibited gill lamellae includes less affected and less damages in the gill structures, curling and fusion and shortening of gill lamellae, severe necrosis in primary and secondary gill lamellae, club shaped secondary gill lamellae. Cypermethrin (25% EC) pesticide becomes toxic to the aquatic organisms even in low concentration.

Aqueous plant extracts in ophthalmic preparations is not uncommon. Folklore (Indigenous) herbal preparations in this regard claim to cure eye diseases need to be explored. Antimicrobial potency of such herbal formulation is studied with comparison of its efficacy against selected pathogens associated with eye diseases helps for its standardization and validation as well. Hence Herbal formulations were taken and their antimicrobial efficacy was compared with standard treatises against wide range of eye pathogens. Both agar well and disc diffusion methods were followed for this purpose. Effect of extract on viability of microbes was also studied taking absorbance data at 600nm spectral wavelength. The multidrug resistance of the strains was also tested prior to their use in antimicrobial sensitivity test. The antibacterial efficacy of standard eye drop showed highest zone of inhibition against E. coli and lowest against P. vulgaris. Similarly the indigenously prepared eye drop was found to be with fewer efficacies. However the 50% diluted ophthalmic preparation showed higher degree of inhibition was revealed. The study explored that the diluted and standardized indigenously prepared ophthalmic solution can be used as a more potential drug at least against microbe associated and induced eye diseases.

Vascular tissues respond as an inflammation to adverse stimuli like pathogens, bruised cells or an irritant. An inflammation manifests itself as redness, swollen joints, pain at joints, stiff joints and impaired joints. Currently inflammation is treated by NSAIDS. However, drugs used to treat inflammation can potentially lead to enhanced risks of blood clotting which in turn can end up fatal heart attacks or strokes. This scenario has hence necessitated a search for alternate drugs derived from medicinal plants. Their chemical diversity also make them rich and possible sources of drugs without accompanying adverse side effect. Therefore a study in this direction will be both rewarding and unfulfilling. The objective of this study was to evaluate the antiinflammatory activity from the ethanol extract of whole plant of Caralluma umbellata in carrageenan induced paw edema in Wistar Albino rats. This study was compared to a positive control drug, indomethacin. The ethanol extract was given in a concentration of 200 and 400 mg/kg body weight. Ethanol extract of C. umbellata whole plant with a concentration of 400 mg/kg b.w. showed maximum (85.44%) inhibition on carrageenan induced rat paw edema at 3rd hour. The effect was significantly (p<0.001) higher than that of the standard drug indomethacin (84. 78%). From the result, it can be concluded that the antiinflammatory activity of C.umbellata ethanol extract of whole plant may be due to the presence of secondary metabolites in the extract.

This study aimed at studying the epidemiology and prevalence of risk factors for cardiometabolic diseases. 254 male subjects aged between 30 and 60 years old and apparently in good health having consented freely. They were randomly selected from 10 health areas, including 5 in urban area (n=107) and 5 in rural area (n=147), in Dschang Health District. After obtaining the ethical clearance, the level of physical activity, the data on socio-demographic conditions and smoking were identified by a simplified questionnaire. With the help of nurses and investigators, anthropometric measurements, blood pressure, umbilical perimeter, waist circumference, body mass index and fasting blood glucose were measured. Approximately 5 ml of blood was taken at the elbow for biochemical assays. The collected data were submitted to the EPI-InfoTM version 7.1.5.0. Software. Results showed that 83% of people were inactive in rural area and the 41-50 age group was more inactive (18.03%) whereas in the urban area there was 76.19% of inactive people and the 51-60 age group recorded the most inactive individuals (43.83%) (P>0.05). The inactive population showed 38.24% overweight and 14.7% obese. Smokers represented only 20.55% in rural area and 16.82% in urban area. Triglycerides, which were higher among smokers in rural area (349 ±49.23 mg/dl at P>0.05) than in the urban area for former smokers (343.78 ±48.08 mg/dl) who had a higher rate but without significant difference with the other categories of smokers (P>0.05). Atherosclerosis index of smokers from urban area was higher without significant difference compared to other groups.

The main objective of this work was to investigate the cow’s milk ingredients percentage after pasteurized using laser and heat treatment in order to compared them with untreated milk. In this work, fresh cow’s milk sample (360 ml) were obtained from farms of Sudan University of Science and Technology, the sample was divided into three parts, the first part pasteurized by Nd: YAG laser with output power of 50 watts for two minutes, the second part pasteurized by heating to a temperature of 72°C for 15 seconds the third part was control sample used as obtained. Moisture content, crude protein content, crude fat, ash content, total solid (TS) content, lactose content, pH of the milk samples and titratable acidity were analyzed for the three samples. The obtained results revealed that the ingredients percentage reduced in all heat-based pasteurized milk components compared to laserbased pasteurized milk components.

Okro fiber was obtained from okro stem by soaking in ammonium oxalate for 20minutes.The effect of alkali treatment (mercerization) on 10grammes of each sample was investigated. Various concentration of the NaOH (Sodium hydroxide) ranging from 0% to 22% was prepared. The temperature of the treatment was varied from 25 to 40oC .Water imbibitions studies was also carried out on the fiber samples by varying the temperature and concentration of the fiber samples obtained. Result of treatment of the fiber with ammonium oxalate indicated a whitish lustrous material. The mercerization effects on the fiber indicated an increase in mass of the fiber from an initial weight of 0.4g in 1.0M to 0.8g in 4.0M at 25oC .On the other hand, there was a substantial swelling noticed in the case of the fiber sample treated with 1.0M (0.6g) to 0.9g (4.0) at 40oC.For imbibitions studies, the water uptake recorded the best value with fiber treated with 1.0M showing a maximum imbibitions value at 25oC. The overall results of the study indicated that treatment of fiber with chemical enhanced some crucial properties of the fiber and has inhibited substantially the amount of water absorbed by fibrous materials. Industries involved in the exploration of natural fibers as potential fibers may benefit immensely from this investigation as this may add to the list of fiber utilized for fiber production due to its abundance.

Exploration of vegetations in ecologically significant areas became underline research in modern approach. In this regard the East Indian coastal belt at Ganjam district has been chosen as the study area and the ethno ecology of Pandanus fascicularis Lamk was focused. Normal taxonomic and ecological overviews were adopted to establish the vegetational data. The various ethno biological, ethno ecological uses, medico folklore remedies approaches were strictly adopted. The various data so procured are compiled and greater emphasis of this plant was laid as comprehended from the utility and general psychology of the people who took this as a crop more than that of rice was confirmed as each and every part of the plant is used in one or the other way. On the contrary, the study area (Ganjam Hinterland) is designated as the sacred groove for this plant owing to the part played by the plant for the people’s economy and biodiversity conservation as well.

The sustainable production of ethanol from implausible bio-resources like, less or non-edible fruit samples are focused in the current investigation. Bio-ethanol is a fuel ethanol (ethyl alcohol), the same type of alcohol found in alcoholic beverages. It is most often used as a motor fuel, mainly as a bio-fuel additive for gasoline. Therefore, an attempt has been made to obtain a fuel grade ethanol using fruit samples like, Passion fruit (Passiflora edulis, L) and Cashew Apple (Anacardium occidentale, L.) by fermenting them with the help of flocculating yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae, L). The outcome of the experimentation facilitated to obtain 48% alcohol after finishing point of distillation processes; it can be can envisioned that, an optimized concentration of ethanol has been obtained on ensuing to standardization of the protocol. This bio-ethanol has been further subjected for physico-chemical characterization and found that, it can be one of the most promising types of bio-fuels that can be explored from the fruit resources. Hence, in the studies, the technological attributes of flocculated Yeast (Saccharomyces cereviseae) was employed to rationalize its use in alcoholic fermentation, thereby, the enhancement in the production of bio-ethanol from the selected fruit cultivars at significant level was achieved with a speed of about three to four folds greater than the yield reported in the earlier studies. Further, the ethanol samples were evaluated for Gas chromatography; the yield of ethanol, sample-4 (Passion fruit juice) gave 100% purity of ethanol as compared to standard. The bio-ethanol obtained as a result of fermentation was further subjected for the evaluation of Engine performance using single cylinder IC Engine with standard specifications.