Agricultural crops face a major issue in the form of salinity. It causes injuries to plants by causing accumulation of Na+ and Cl- ions, which leads to nutrient imbalance and ultimately low yield. It also causes fluctuations in physiological processes, which destabilize the uptake and distribution of nutrients in crops. Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) is the 2nd ranked oilseed crop after soybean. Sunflower possesses high oil content (42-50%) and protein content (15-20%), which makes it one of the most valuable oil crops. Exogenously applied K+ significantly enhance all morphological and physiological parameters. K+ is also member of triad group of nutrients for plants including N and P. In current study effect of foliar application of K at 500 ppm were examined on growth, biochemical and physiological attributes of sunflower hybrid L-16003 grown under saline conditions. Data was recorded for various growth, biochemical and physiological parameters of plants. Analysis of data revealed that salinity adversely affected gas exchange parameters which resulted in reduced growth and yield of sunflower. Exogenous foliar application of K significantly improved gas exchange attributes such as stomatal conductance, CO2 assimilation, transpiration rate and water use efficiency. It also enhanced chlorophyll pigments which resulted in increase of photosynthetic rate ultimately leading to healthy growth of plants grown under saline conditions. Root length, shoot length, plant fresh weight, dry weight and achenes weight were also increased by foliar application of K. Overall, foliar application of K significantly improved all attributes of sunflower and helped to alleviate harmful effects of salinity.

Since ancient times, humans have used animal skin in their daily lives to create shelters and clothing. They have also developed special techniques to preserve animal hides for a long time after slaughter, such as salting and cooling. Skin is an ideal environment for microorganisms to inhabit due to its temperature and moisture content. According to our knowledge, many factors, including pH, temperature, salt concentration, nutrition, etc., influence bacterial growth. Therefore, many bacteria can thrive in a wide range of NaCl concentrations, from 1% to 20%, and are classified accordingly. Despite the high concentration of NaCl in the soak liquor used in the preparation of leather, numerous bacterial species can readily grow and produce lipolytic and proteolytic enzymes as a form of metabolic activity. Lipolytic and proteolytic enzymes have negative effects on leather and leather products, including spotting, disagreeable odor, discoloration of the resultant leather, and consequentially significant economic losses. To overcome this obstacle, a variety of preventative measures have been implemented, including salting, the use of antibiotics, plant extracts (essential oils), and, more recently, electric currents.

Pakistan has many plentiful water sources, including ice caps, rainwater, and groundwater, but these sources are continuously polluted. Fast growth, development, and continued industrial growth, especially in Faisalabad, have imposed immense pressure on the city's water resources. Its groundwater quality is worsening rapidly because of untreated wastewater from municipal and textile industries. Fifteen samples were collected from different colonies of Faisalabad for physical, chemical, and biological analysis. To regulate the quality of drinking water, physio-chemical parameters such as color, Odor, Taste, electric conductivity, Total dissolved solids, and chemical parameters like Ca, Mg, carbonates, bicarbonates, and chlorides were examined. After examining all collected samples, they were linked with the WHO values, Pakistan standards, and quality control authority standards (PSQCA). Out of these 15 samples, four samples were unfit for human use owing to the occurrence of E. coli. The remaining 11 samples were biologically fit for human consumption. All samples are colorless, but four have a pungent smell, and five have a terrible taste. The pH of all the samples was within the WHO and PSQCA limits (6.50-8.50) except for one. The highest EC was found at 6.206 ds/m from Noorpur, and the lowest was 0.062 ds/m from Millet town. Our research shows that about 46% of the underground water of Faisalabad is unhealthy for human drinking due to the high TDS, TSS, chlorides, bicarbonates, and presence of microorganisms.

Aquaculture industry is a largest industry which provides protein rich food. This industry aims to fulfill peoples dietary needs globally. Purpose of this study was to examine the effects of Moringa oleifera leaf meal (MOLM) on growth, hematological and mineral composition of Catla catla fingerlings. An experiment with 180 days feeding trials was conducted to examine the efficacy of MOLM. This experiment was performed according to semi-intensive rearing system to assess the performance of Catla catla fingerlings under MOLM diet. MOLM was used as test ingredient in experimental diets. Five varying levels of MOLM (6%, 12%, 18%, 24% and 30%) were tested to replace fishmeal. For first fifteen days, these fingerlings were placed under laboratory conditions in cemented ponds for acclimatization. When these fingerlings were fully acclimatized, then they were divided into six study groups. Among six earthen ponds, total 90 fingerlings were uniformly distributed. So, fifteen fingerlings were nourished in each pond. Data were recorded for various growth, hematological and mineral composition of fingerlings body. Analysis of recorded data revealed that 12% MOLM diet provided highest results for growth parameters as compared to controlled or other experimental diets. Highest results for hematological and body mineralization were also found in those fingerlings fed with 12% MOLM diet. In this current study, it was determined that 12% replacement of fishmeal by MOLM enhanced growth, hematological parameters and body minerals of Catla catla fingerlings.

Objective: The aim of the research is to apply the Nd:YAG, Semiconductor, He-Ne laser to kill Micrococcus spp. bacteria isolated from various human cancers. Study Design: The clinical study design for this research was case–control in analytical and Cross-sectional in descriptive. Backgrounds: Carcinobacteria are bacterial infections organisms that cause cancer by cause mutate of one or several genes. Micrococcus spp.is a genus of non-spore forming Actinomycetes, gram positive, opportunistic pathogen for the immunocompromised patients, related to bacteremia, ventricular shunt, continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis peritonitis and central catheters. septic arthritis, meningitis, intracranial abscesses and endocarditis. Methodology: Study patients, specimens, collection of bacteria from cancer patients during malignant tumor eradication. Applying and exposing to Nd:YAG laser at different times. Results: The number of live cells and the percentage of killing of Micrococcus spp. bacteria after exposing them to radiation emitted from Nd:YAG, Semiconductor, He-Ne laser at different times including (5, 10, 20, 30) and comparing them with the control, with (2-4) replications. Conclusion: The conclude that He-Ne, Semiconductor and Nd:YAG lasers are very effective and powerful in killing Micrococcus spp. bacteria isolated from leukemia, liver and colon cancer at different times and the longer the exposure time the higher the killing rate.