The use of herbicides in forests is important for enhancing tree growth and forest productivity. By effectively controlling competing vegetation, herbicides facilitate the survival and healthy development of young trees. They also play a key role in efficient forest management, contributing to the sustainability and economic viability of forestry practices. This effective vegetation management is crucial for meeting global demands for wood and forest products. This comprehensive review critically examines the dualistic nature of herbicide use in forestry, exploring both its environmental benefits and risks. The paper delves into the historical evolution of herbicide technology in forest management, highlighting its significant role in enhancing tree growth and wood volume yields. With a focus on long-term studies it is analysis the efficacy of herbicides in improving forest productivity and their compatibility with environmental sustainability. The review also addresses the contentious debate surrounding herbicide use, particularly its perceived threats to biodiversity conservation and wildlife management. Additionally, we explore alternative vegetation management strategies, including biological control methods like Mycoherbicides, and discuss emerging trends in sustainable forest management. The paper aims to provide a balanced understanding of the interplay between economic benefits and ecological imperatives in modern forestry, emphasizing the need for a nuanced approach to herbicide use. Through this exploration, the review contributes to the discourse on harmonizing forest management practices with environmental stewardship.

The research investigates the allelopathic influence of Euphorbia hirta extracts on the germination and seedling development of various cucurbit species, including Bottle gourd (Sp. A), Winter melon (Sp. B), Ridged gourd (Sp. C), Sponge gourd (Sp. D), Bitter gourd (Sp. E), Snake gourd (Sp. F), Muskmelon (Sp. G), and Pumpkin (Sp. H). The experimental design incorporated the use of both aqueous and methanol extracts of E. hirta, applied at different concentrations, with distilled water employed as the control. The findings reveal that the methanolic extract of E. hirta significantly impedes both the germination process and the subsequent growth of seedlings for all cucurbit species tested. For instance, at 12 days post-treatment, control groups exhibited high germination percentages (78%, 90.67%, 95.33% and 90% for Sp. A, Sp. C, Sp. D and Sp. E, respectively), which drastically declined with a 20% methanol extract concentration (23.33%, 18.33%, and 17.67% and 18.33% for the same species, respectively). Similarly, shoot and root length measurements indicated that higher concentrations of both extracts suppressed growth, with methanol extract showing a stronger inhibitory effect compared to the aqueous extract. Interestingly, Lower extract concentrations occasionally boosted shoot growth, revealing a hormetic effect. This two-fold response, notably in Pumpkin and Snake Gourd, illuminates the complexity of allelopathic interactions. The study suggests E. hirta extracts could serve as eco-friendly herbicides, urging further research to isolate their active components. This could lessen synthetic herbicide use, promoting sustainable agriculture and environmental protection.

There are 150 species of the genus brassica that are grown globally as oilseed crops or vegetables. Mustard plants belong to the family brassicaceae. Oil is obtained from mustard seeds, their leaves are edible and can be consumed as mustard greens. Gibberellic acid (GA) is a hormone or growth regulator present in variable amounts in all sections of plants. The presence of heavy metals has turned into a problem because of their harmful results on plants even at low concentration. The present study comprises of a pot experiment that was perform at the Old Botanical Garden, University of Agriculture Faisalabad to examine the effect of exogenous supplication of gibberellic acid on development and various morphological parameters of mustard (Brassica napus L.) within NiSo4 tensity on two varieties (super canola and sherilla). The experiment was designed CRD (completely randomized design) by factorial arrangement and 3 replications. A 300 µM nickel sulphate stress was applied and to overcome the effect of metal stress a foliar application of (0.25 mM) gibberellic acid was applied. The samples were dividing into two different sampling bags with three replicates. Plastic zipper bags containing fresh samples were kept in the freezer for different biochemical analysis like chlorophyll and carotenoids and the data were collected for the determination of various morpho-physiological parameters. While the remaining samples were placed in the oven for dry analysis for samples Na+, K+ and Ca+. These parameters were analyzed by using CO-STAT software program.