The high cost of conventional feed ingredients for livestock and competition between man and his animals, necessitate the need for alternative and under-utilized plant materials in poultry nutrition. However, in doing so, it is important to ensure that such plant materials are not deleterious to the animals. This research therefore examines the effect of bush buck (Gongronema latifolia) leaf extracts as dietary supplements on haematological and serum biochemical parameters of broiler chickens. Fresh leaves (6kg) of bush buck (Gongronema latifolia) were after rinsing with de-ionized water air-dried for ten (10) days under room temperature and were ground in a hammer mill to pass through 0.5mm sieve. It was thereafter dissolved in de-ionized warm water (40oC) at 1kg per 5 litres of water and was left to settle for 1 hour before decanting the supernatant. One hundred and ninety-two (192) broiler chicks, after brooding for two weeks were divided into six (6) dietary treatment groups of thirty two (32) birds each. Birds on dietary treatment 1, had no vitamin/mineral supplement in water, while dietary treatment 2 birds had supplemental commercial vitamin/mineral premix (vitalyte extra). Dietary treatments 3, 4, 5 and 6 had Gongronema latifolia leaf warm water extract in the following ratios; 25, 50, 75, and 100ml/litre of water respectively. The vitalyte extra was administered (5g/l) once a week while the birds had access to feed and water/GLLE ad libitum. On the last day of the experiment, blood samples were collected from the birds for haematological analysis. All the assayed parameters such as packed cell volume (PCV), white blood cell (WBC), red blood cell (RBC), heterophil (H), lymphocyte (L), monocyte (M), eosinophil (E), basophil (B), haemoglobin (Hb), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC) and mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH) were significantly (P<0.05) influenced by the dietary treatments. The analyzed serum biochemical indices such as total protein, albumin, globulin, creatinine, uric acid, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, sodium and potassium were generally better in the 25ml/l GLLE. Glucose was significantly reduced in the vitalyte treatment while total cholesterol, high and low density lipoprotein were least in the 50ml/l GLLE treatment. In conclusion, the results above revealed that the Gongronema latifolia leaf warm (40oC) water extract of 50ml/l was safer and supported better health and wellbeing of the broiler chickens. This shows that Gongronema latifolia leaf warm (40oC) water extract could be used to wholly replace the conventional vitamins and minerals (vitalyte extra) in broiler diets without any adverse effect on growth and health performance of the birds.

The effect of bitter leaf (Venonia amygdalina) and water leaf (Talinum triangulare) extracts on blood vitamins and minerals composition of pullet birds were investigated. A total of 456 day-old Isa brown pullet chicks were allotted to four dietary treatments in six replicates in a completely randomized design experiment. Aqueous extracts of bitter leaf and water leaf were used as test dietary treatments for the birds. In treatment 1, a commercial multivitamin (vitalyte) was given in water (1g/L) to the birds to serve as the control. In treatments 2 and 3 aqueous extracts of bitter leaf and waterleaf were given at 100ml/L of water, while in treatment 4 mixed bitter leaf and water leaf aqueous extract (50% each in composition) was given. On the last day of the feeding trial, blood samples were collected from the birds for vitamins and minerals analysis. The observed results showed that dietary treatments significantly affected the blood serum parameters. Vitamin A was significantly higher (P < 0.05) in the vitalyte birds. The values ranged from 0.27iu in the bitter leaf birds to 0.37iu in the vitalyte. Vitamin C was more abundant (1.84iu) in the bitter leaf treated pullets and was significantly reduced (1.21iu) in the vitalyte. Vitamin D was significantly (P < 0.05) higher (0.35 iu) in the water leaf as well as vitamin E (10.14iu) while they were highly reduced considerably in the vitalyte administered birds, 0.16 and 4.83iu respectively. On mineral composition, while bitter leaf was the highest Ca (14.24mg/dl) source, K (5.46 mmol/L) and Mg (2.78mg/dl) were highly increased in the water leaf administered birds. Pullets on the control vitalyte had higher Na (132.75 mmol/L) and Fe (1.42g/dl). It can however be concluded that bitter leaf and water leaf as used in this study are potential sources of some vitamins and minerals in pullet chick nutrition.

This article provides the conceptual framework for earnings management, which begins by presenting the concept of earnings management, then the actions, motives, techniques, measurement, and then the consequences of this practice. This article also presented studies that dealt with earnings management in the Saudi context. This is because the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia has recently witnessed a clear development in companies and changes in accounting systems which in turn provides an opportunity for more research on earnings management in Saudi Arabia. Several studies provide evidence that EM occurs in Saudi companies, and there are many motivations to practice earnings management in Saudi companies.

Bacterial and viral therapies have gained enough success and attention for biological cancer treatments. There is a need to protect the living tissues of the body that are helpful for activating the immune responses. Many failures are associated with the conservational therapies that render them for the current era of medical sciences. Viral and bacterial genomes have been used for targeting the initial basis of metastasis and inhibiting the growth of cancerous cells. S. pyogenes OK-432 strain showed action against cancerous cells with intact bindings to the proliferative tissues. Phenazine 1-carboxylic acids have anticancer nature and pose a high level of cytotoxicity against the. Salmonella strain (KST0650) showed maximum potential against CT26 cancer cells. Oncolytic biologically and virologically group of the controlled viruses that have been used for tumor treatment. Some critical cancers under medications such as hormone therapy- induced helpful for prolonged life span. Pro-active drugs and combinations of probiotics also prevent the bacteria from synthesizing the protective layer of peptidoglycan.