Heavy metals are included among leading global pollutants and they get bioaccumulated at different trophic levels of ecosystem and their concentration and associated risk to them of vast range harmful health side effects increases along with the rise of trophic level, not only in humans but also in other forms of life. But microbial remediation can play significant role in biodegradation of bioaccumulation of heavy metals. In this regard, either the addition of suitable microbial strains likes Pseudomonas, Staphylococcus, E. coli etc. in ecosystem or their transgenic forms have been found quite useful and further investigations are also required to facilitate not only to developed regions but also to developing global zones.

Polyploidy is widespread as evident from many species of eukaryotes like animals, plants, and lower unicellular eukaryotes, but in strong contrast, prokaryotes are believed to be monoploid/ haploid and contain a single copy of the genome in the form of the small circular chromosome. There are some exceptions to monoploidy like D. radiodurans, Borrelia sp. etc. this phenomenon of polyploidy among these microorganisms is an evolutionary advantage, which makes them able to survive extreme conditions. With accumulating reports of the presence of polyploidy in most of the bacterial and archaeal species, it is being considered that monoploid species are small minorities among bacteria and archaea. The presence of multiple copies of the genome helps survive extreme conditions through various mechanisms which involve resistance to radiation, survival under high temperature and severe desiccation, lowering the mutation rates, intermolecular gene conversion along with the use of part of copies of the genome as a source of nutrients for short term survival and cell multiplication. Not surprisingly polyploidy is also suggested to play an important role in pathogenesis through the production of antigenic variation helping immune invasion, thus ultimately pathogenesis. Polyploid species of extremely halophilic archaea, Halococcus sp. are being used as model organisms to study the possibility of survival under Martian conditions and extraterrestrial travel on meteorites. It is alluring to segregate isogenic strains with shifting chromosome duplicate numbers, which would take into consideration efficiently investigating the benefits of polyploidy employing correlation of strains that are indistinguishable apart from their ploidy level.

A field experiment was conducted for two consecutive winter season during 2019/2020 and 2020/2021 in the Demonstration Farm of Faculty of Agriculture University of Kassala at New Halfa to investigate the effects of water stress on performance of three sunflower hybrids (Hysun 33= V1 cultivated a lot in the area, Panar = V2 cultivated since the last three years and Resarch =V3 new introduce hybrid). The experiment was laid out in RCBD as split-plot trail with three replicates. The water stress treatments were irrigation every 10 days (W1), skipping one irrigation at flowering stage(W2) and skipping one irrigation at seed filling stage (W3). The results showed that water stress significantly reduced LAI, shoot dry weight and yield attributes. The significant increase in the yield due to sowing V1 under frequent irrigation was associated with significant increase in the yield components (head diameter, No seeds per head, 100-seed weight, seed weight per head and seed yield per ha). Also, W1xV1 had positive effects on seed oil content. In conclusion, a large genetic variation was observed for seed yield and seed oil content under well watered and water deficit conditions.

A multi-location experiment was conducted at three locations of New Halfa irrigated scheme, Hajer, the Faculty and Elshebaik sites, for two consecutive seasons 2017/2018 and 2018/2019 to test the effect of 18 organo-chemical fertilizer levels on growth attributes, yield and yield components of two wheat genotypes Bohain and Debaira. The results of analyzed data showed that. In both seasons, the growth attributes, such as the plant height, number of leaves per plant, leaf area (cm2) showed non-significant differences for both genotypes under the different 18 fertilizer levels at Hajer and the Faculty sites. However, these traits are significantly different (P≤ 0.05) for both genotypes at Elshebaik site. Contrary to the growth attributes, the effect of the organo-chemical fertilizer was highly significant (P≤0.001) for the yield and most of its components for both genotypes in both seasons and at the three sites of study. The yield of both genotypes at the three locations is better in the first season compared to the second one. Debaira yield for both seasons and at the three locations is better than the yield of Bohain. From this study, it is clear that the yield of both genotypes increased with addition of the organic manure. From the results obtained in this study, it could be concluded that, Debaira scored better yield per h (kg) compared to Bohain genotype in both seasons and at two locations, Chicken manure up to the rate of 4 ton /h. when combined with 43kg N/h and 43kg P/h improved the yield of both genotypes in both seasons and at the three locations.

Qillat-i-Darqiyyat (Hypothyroidism) is one of the most common disease conditions under endocrine system, occurring in 5% of individuals. A 19 years old female patient, approached the Outpatient department of NRIUMSD, Hyderabad, with complaints of weight gain, loss of hair, poor appetite, and general weakness and was treated with Unani medicines i.e., Asgand (Withania somnifera) and Brahmi (Bacopa monnieri) for 8 weeks. All the basic blood and urine investigations were done before and after the treatment along with the thyroid profile test. After 8 weeks of treatment, the patient showed significant relief in symptoms as assessed by a decrease in Zulewski's clinical score which was 7/12 point before treatment and 4/12 points after treatment, and a decline in TSH level from 6.73 µ IU/mL to 2.53 µ IU/mL. Although, the serum T3 and T4 levels remained within normal range during the course of treatment. Thus, this study is suggesting that Unani medicine can be used effectively in the management of Hypothyroidism.

It is a well known fact that the urinary stone crystal disease affects a considerable number of people and makes it a major socio-economic problem in the world. Several environmental factors influence the formation and growth of many crystalline materials in the biological fluids in a human urinary system. As in vivo experimentations have limitations, in vitro investigations have been made by several researchers in the past. A success in finding the environmental factors promoting or inhibiting the formation and growth of urinary stone crystals will be of immense help to the mankind. This article provides a bief account of the results obtained in this regard along with providing some information on urolithiasis and gel methods for crystal growth. The focus is made on Whewellite, Brushite and Struvite crystals as these are among the dominant and well studied ones.

Background: The ischemic myocardium should be promptly reperfused to reduce morbidity and mortality in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). Conventionally, 2 approaches are the mainstay of reperfusion treatment: primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) and fibrinolytic therapy which are considered as mutually exclusive therapeutic modalities. Primary PCI is considered as the gold standard for STEMI but in a developing country like Bangladesh, it is not practically achievable in all the cases because of various challenges. Therefore, thrombolysis followed by either PCI or non-urgent coronary angiography seems to be a more practical approach in not only semi-urban and rural areas but also in metro and tier-1 cities in Bangladesh. Objective: To arrive at a consensus on the importance of pharmaco-invasive (PI) strategy for patients of STEMI in Bangladeshi scenario when a delay in PCI is anticipated. Results: Leading experts across Bangladesh reviewed various fibrinolytics with reference to their availability, ease of administration and risk benefit ratios. Their views were captured in advisory meetings. They then discussed and presented their views and shared their experiences on the practicality of PI strategy in the metro and tier-1 cities of Bangladesh. Their opinion is captured in the present document. The panel opined that STEMI patients should be given PI therapy, wherever possible, using a third-generation fibrinolytic, namely, reteplase or tenecteplase if the delay in primary PCI of more than 120 minutes from the time of chest pain is expected. Immediate reperfusion by thrombolysis helps in preserving the myocardium and it also provides a time window for further PCI and coronary angiography, whichever is required. Conclusion: The experts concluded that when delay in access to primary PCI is expected, PI therapy is the preferred choice for STEMI patients. It should be practiced not only in semi-urban and rural areas but also in metro and tier-1 cities in Bangladesh.

Background: The purpose of the study was to assess the motivation levels, attitudes and intensions regarding knowledge sharing among nurses. Materials and Methods: This is a cross-sectional study conducted in February to May 2021, on the nurses working in two Public hospitals in Faisalabad. A total of 300 nurses participated in the study. The main questionnaire based on the socio-demographic questionnaire comprises of the age, gender, qualification and work experience. Other than this, six tools which were used to assess the intrinsic and extrinsic motivators of the employee to share the knowledge with others. Results: Qualification, experience and position in the unit is directly proportional to that of the intrinsic and extrinsic motivation to share knowledge. Marital status of the participants is not strongly associated to the knowledge sharing items. Correlation between the different items of the effects of extrinsic and intrinsic motivational scales and employee knowledge sharing intentions. Shows that extrinsic and intrinsic motivation is associated to the attitudes toward knowledge sharing and knowledge sharing intentions. Conclusions: As the mean score of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation is less hence, educators and administrators will have to adapt their strategies to facilitate collaboration and promote interactive learning among nurses. There has to be modifications in strengthening the extrinsic motivations and removing barriers of members’ participation. Additionally, there has to be individual sharing knowledge has to be motivated through appreciation at the unit level.