This study investigated the effect of long hour shift on hospital nurses’, increase risk of committing errors, patients’ outcomes and satisfaction. A descriptive research design was utilized in this study to investigate the effect of long hour shift on female hospital nurses’ and patients’ care outcome and satisfaction Questionnaire was systematically distributed to nurses in each of the twenty eight wards and units of the University of Maiduguri Teaching Hospital. One hundred and ninety four respondents returned the questionnaire. The study revealed that long hour shift affects the nurses’ wellbeing and the care they provide to their patients. The study also revealed that it affects their social life. This study therefore recommends eight to ten hour shift to reduce the burden on the nurses so as to provide positive patient care outcomes.

History as a master of the past; a commander of the present and subtle compass of the future is continuously bulging in length and breadth as new facts, intelligible methods of construction and auxiliary tools are discovered and used by professional historians to refocus emerging themes and concepts. With these new discoveries, the historical enterprise is expanding rapidly with a deal of both concord and disagreements arising from the analyses of commonly investigated historical facts. The ability of modern history to float freely and fittingly within the world of science and that of arts; further polished by its dynamism to use the other disciplines of the social science family to assert its causation and unique kinds of Historical truth, places the course on a complex paradigm. On a broad plain, European and western historians have fought hard to minimized disagreements on their historiography but African history and historiography is still bedevilled by the scourge of bias, misinterpretation and ignorance. The Republic of Cameroon at any point in time is a fine fitting to showcase the re-investigation of the past, understanding the present and casting the future. Going by colonial history, Cameroon shares a triple experience (German, British and French).By geography, her coastline gave her wider exposure to the Atlantic slave and legitimate trades and her geographical position permitted her to be influenced by historical developments in both west and central Africa.This paper from its various sources refocuses and interrogates the emerging debates and contrasting themes like colonial misgivings, self-centeredness of early nationalists and irresponsible leadership blamed for current multifaceted problems of Cameroon historiography today. It argues that the actors behind these themes and episodes can only be better appreciated and comprehended in the light of the prevailing circumstances at the time. Such a scholarship enterprise will create a sense of positive approach to Cameroon historiography thereby, giving us a command of the present trend of issues and casting an assuring future. It further perceives the diverse Cameroon historical heritage and the harm done to it by Eurocentric writings, not as vices but as potent episodes that reminds us of our foundational frames pointedly awful but worth being used to stimulate development and hope instead of remaining steadfast in the apportioning of blames in an era of abounding opportunities.

Employee retention relates directly to how we reward them. Replacing employees in a company can be an arduous and an expensive exercise. Even in more secure industries such as the public sector, performance needs to be managed and staff motivated as in the private sector. Retention of experienced staff in both these industries is important to create competitive advantage and organisational success is restricted by the economic climate, retaining high performers with rewards has to be achieved while making all staff feel valued. As more and more organisations cross international boundaries to conduct business, rewards that are relevant in one country may not be as important in another. Organisations need to accurately measure and evaluate the performance of their employees and reward them accordingly. There should therefore be a direct link between a performance appraisal system and rewards emanating from that system. Many a time, performance management systems do not show any connection with the rewards that the employer gives to its employees thus rendering the performance approval system irrelevant.

This article applies a „natural language processing framework‟ and examines the usage of „select keywords‟ in the annual State of the Union Addresses by the U.S. Presidents and the National Security Strategy (NSS) documents published under their seal by the White House since 1991. It simply counts the usage of the select keywords and demonyms in both the mentioned sources and examines the context/problematic in which they were used – thus attempting to locate Central Asia in the U.S. foreign policy from an „alternate perspective‟. It is assumed that the institutions and intellectuals of the statecraft produce American „national interest‟ differently – looking beyond the state-centric geopolitical vision of one‟s foreign policy through an „alternate perspective‟ becomes pertinent. As the identified sources merely give a broader picture in the form of a synopsis and not a detailed account, the article briefly records the „popular‟ U.S. foreign policy in Central Asia in the very beginning. The study finds out that the U.S. policy for Central Asia, largely, is a subset of the wider American policies practised around the region. The Central Asian problematic is thus determined by “security” of the U.S. national interests in the region which continue and change. Considering the State of the Union addresses and the NSS documents, the article submits that the significance of Central Asia for the U.S. foreign policy is vital yet relatively limited. And in the absence of any concrete Central Asian policy the security-based „problematic‟ will continue to exist.

The culture of spending time at lapau (hanging out at a small tavern) is one of the traditions owned by Minangkabau people to talk about numerous things, from discussing the nation’s current affairs, problems at workplace, or any topics suitable to bring upon. There is an anecdote “apopun masalahnyo bisa disalasaian di lapau” (every problems can be solved in small tavern) which is very common in Minangkabau society. This paper will describe about melapau tradition: the persistence of Minangkabau custom in Medan. Taking qualitative approach along with descriptive method, this paper will explain the tradition of melapau as cultural reproduction from the hometown to the migration area abroad in the Minangkabau society. Furthermore, cultural sociological perspectives are used to reveal how the existence of melapau done by Minangkabau people in Medan, especially in Bromo, Kotamatsum, Sukaramai and Denai. This paper shows that melapau is a tradition still manifested in the hometown as well as abroad. This demonstrates a process of reproduction of Minangkabau culture in migration area/abroad. Various ideas, activities, and other habits that exist in the hometown are enacted again by the immigrants and Minangkabau men who were born in the City of Medan in different contexts. Melapau becomes a habitus for Minangkabau emigrants, therefore the emigrants reinvent the tradition of melapau and the ideas and activities involved in it. Lapau is an arena for fulfilling melapau habitus.

Reform of educational institutions is an ongoing process which constantly molds and refits curricula, teaching methodologies, and infrastructures to new content and shapes in order to meet the needs of continuously changing communities. Congruent with such statement, Morocco, as other states elsewhere, has undergone several reforms the last of which was in the academic year 2003/2004 with the introduction of the LMD system (Licence, Master, and Doctorate) to higher education. Such reform and its influence on English language teaching are the main concern of the current study. Informed by policy documents and evidence drawn from qualitative data collected through means of observations and interviews of students at Faculty of Letters and Human Sciences, Sais, Fez, the study revealed that, on the one hand, the new reform has brought an innovative curriculum; however, a number of acute problems impeded the effectiveness of the reform. The problems were mainly linked to lack and poor educational infrastructures, insufficient coverage of some subjects (say, ESP), and the lack of student academic advising program which is necessary for students to develop self-autonomy. The cumulative effects were high attrition rates and repetitions, poor learning outcomes, and generally mismatch between the goals of the reform and its outcomes.

This paper presents the results of an empirical and theoretical literature review to effects of business records in business profitability in SMEs. Three research questions are addressed: how business records contributed towards business performance of SMEs? What types of records they kept and is used in the day-to-day business operations? The research questions are underpinned by Records Continuum Model. Results show that business records in Tanzania had no positive impact on business profitability because of how the records were created and the value attach to record keeping, resulted from the lack of records management policies; inadequate staff capacity, limited awareness about the value of sound records management; and inadequate budgets. As a result, decisions are made without full information about business transactions. Besides, the absence of systematic record keeping and controls leaves scope for corruption and collusion between business officials and business owners and employees as well as the chamber of commerce. The ISO 15489-1 is presented as the key best practice mechanism for enhancing sound records management that the Tanzania SMEs may espouse. The subject matter of this paper is aimed at influencing policy and practice, especially with regard to the provision of the appropriate competencies and skills needed for sound management of court records to enhance accountability, transparency and service delivery.

All this time many parties including parents do not care about the distribution of healthy information on sexual content to their adolescents so that many of them look for the information through social media. Right now the spread of websites with pornographic content occurs in social media including YouTube. This research aims at knowing the perception of adolescents on pornographic content in social media in relation to the influence of media information or the attitude of parents. It is the quantitative research with survey methods and data analysis using path analysis. The research results indicate that the attitude of parents on pornographic content in social media, YouTube gets influence from media information, and the perception of adolescents on pornographic content in social media YouTube gets influence from the attitude of their parents as well as media information gets influence the perception of adolescents on pornographic content in social media, YouTube. To avoid the negative impact of pornographic content in social media, parents should be more care about their adolescents particularly the planting of strong foundation on morality and religious teaching concepts to them.

Service is an important factor in competition for banking services industry. Effective and efficient services can have a positive impact on the economic sustainability of a bank. Strategy that can be applied is giving more attention to the physical environment and employee’s quality of service so that will impact on customer satisfaction and customer loyalty. This study aims to determine the effect of relationships between servicescape, employee service quality, customer satisfaction and customer loyalty. This study uses secondary and primary data distributed to 150 respondents of Bank Mandiri, co, Ltd Branch Jakarta Cimanggis. The sampling method used was purposive sampling. The method of analysis used in this study is Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) with LISREL 9 method. The results showed that the servicescape and employee service quality have a positive significant effect on customer loyalty through Customer Satisfaction at Bank Mandiri, co, Ltd Branch Jakarta Cimanggis.

This research aims to see the accountability of madrasah heads in carrying out the task to manage the education madrasah financing to be the best in implementing process of education and teaching in order to create quality students and able to compete in national and international forums. The management of education funds must be implemented properly and correctly because the fund is the key to success in an institution, so that the target funds of the institution being effective then the manager must be able to do budgeting, accounting, organizing and auditing so that the goal of education is achieved well. Research approach used is descriptive qualitative approach. Data collection techniques using observation, interviews, and documentation, data analysis using cress well model, spread miles Huberman model data analysis in progress or flow. Data analysis techniques using domain analysis, taxonomy, compositional, cultural themes and data presentation of data triangulation. This research is head of madrasah Jambi province which not fully accountable in management of education fund because to manage education fund is not run based on what have been determined.

The Cameroon Public service is a blend of the moral and cultural values that were inherited in British and French systems of administration along with the desire put in by the different administering authorities to cope with the demands of time. Unfortunately, this blend even in the era of modern technology with improved tools of communication has not completely destroyed the ligaments of financial crimes and scandals that have encumbered this department. Going by reachable evidences, in the heat of economic crises that warranted the introduction of broad based structural adjustment Programmes, Cameroon ranked twice as most corrupt country in the world. Again, most of the top officials (ministers and directors) that have served the different departments of the public service have been judged and sentenced for differential durations in prisons due to financial crimes.The questions that beg for convincing answers are; why is the Cameroon public service department still bedevilled by financial crimes inspite of the measures put in place to assure transparency? What are these crimes and what is their impact on national and international dealings? From primary and secondary sources complimented with statistical and oral interviews, this paper argues that the near absence of blueprint etiquettes along with administrative lapses is at the root of these financial crimes. It uses the way accountability was assured in the management of Southern/West Cameroon budget as model to argue that; with a determined will churned from endearing etiquettes, the financial crimes alive in the Cameroon public service can be reduce to the barest minimum or at best, eliminated. It posits that in an era of modern technology, moral etiquettes that express themselves in an astute art of private and public righteousness of financial management is required of state authorities. By so doing, it makes a claim which is not only valid for Cameroon but also for every state and institution suffocating under the spell of financial crimes that, much can be redeemed using the model provided.

The objective of this study is to understand the appropriateness of Samarinda Seberang, Loa Janan ilir and Palaran District to be supporting city/urban for East Kalimantan capital which is Samarinda. The research result shows: there are 10 people’s attention focus that become the attention priority about the sustainable urban city importance. There are 5 important things related to the plan of urban city establishment and the following is known from hypothesis result: there is no significant influence of central city to urban city, there is no significant influence of social factor to the establishment of urban city, there is no significant influence of economic factor to the establishment of urban city, there is no significant influence of politic factor to the establishment of urban city, there is no significant influence of land factor to the establishment of urban city, there is no significant factor of social factor to the establishment of urban city. There is significant influence of social factor to the establishment of urban city and from all of the predictors available only social factor that have a significant contribution to the establishment of urban city. These research recommend: sustainable urban city should involve society social factor in planning process of sustainable urban city blueprint. Local government should prioritize its attention to the importance of sustainable urban city. Infrastructure development acceleration is needed, by shifting priority scale to sustainable urban city area with a more appropriate budget portion corresponding to the capability of APBD, pay attention to environment impact analysis in giving business recommendation that will be conducted in certain area. Designing spatial city plan and transportation, planning activity function zone system in city’s area and supporting district. Designing waste disposal system and environment friendly waste that could be recycled, and designing flood controlling system by making cannals and avoiding river reclamation that is done without appropriate planning and pay attention to sustainable environment impact analysis.