The fight against HIV and AIDS in Kenya has been achieved through the concerted efforts of government, the media, medical practitioners, religious groups and the general public. Efforts to combat and manage the impacts of HIV and AIDS include the development of Information, Education and Communication materials targeted at adolescents in school. The Kenya government developed media campaign materials that appeared as advertisements in the local daily newspapers. This paper describes the images of HIV and AIDS in advertisements in the print media as seen through the eyes of school-going adolescents. It explains the multimodal nature of the newspaper advertisements. It entails a Critical Discourse Analysis of the images of HIV and AIDS in the print media. This paper provides an interactive sociolinguistic model through which the contradictory discourses of HIV and AIDS might be understood, drawing from Goffman‟s insights on stigma management and the presentation of the self in social interactions. Findings reveal that ambience, body language, colour, gaze, gesture, graphics and imagery work in complementarity to craft the overall images of HIV and AIDS. There is general awareness of HIV and AIDS among the youth and there is need to escalate the fight by highlighting the effects of HIV infection. This paper is significant to educationists and public health practitioners who will be able to assess the impact of their efforts in the war against HIV and AIDS.

The presence of new media also influence and change the concept of journalism so that it brings forth the backpack journalist. This study aims to find out the construction of social reality conducted by the backpack journalist on the struggle of The Samin in maintaining the local wisdom of their ancestral heritage in the video "Samin v.s Semen 2015" in social media YouTube. Construction of local wisdom referred to in this study is the process of social dialectics experienced by The Samin on the process of externalization, objectivation, and internalization in maintaining the noble values that they believe. The paradigm of this research is interpretive paradigm using Roland Barthes semiotic analysis method. This study analyzed verbal and visual signs in the video that lasted 39 minutes and 25 seconds and divided into several scenes, such as the scene of Community of Samin, the arrival of artist Melanie Subandono and cement factory in Tuban. The results showed that in the process of externalization, people of Samin are those who adapt to the environment but still uphold their ancestral teachings. They see that the relationship with others and nature as a form of their relationship with the Creator, so they try not to conflict with the local people. Meanwhile, in the process of objectivation, they seek to interact or adapt to their socio-cultural world. This is what makes the Samin cannot refuse when required to have the Identity Card. While in the process of internalization, people of Samin associate with local people where they are in a similar environment. The Samin have identified themselves with the social institutions or social organizations to which they belong. In this internalization process, the Samin took a role in rejecting the construction of cement plants with other citizens as an effort to maintain their ancestral heritage.

This paper deals with a comparative study of remedies for enforcement of fundamental rights in Malaysia and India. The provision of remedies for enforcement of fundamental rights plays an important role in preserving and defending the fundamental rights in the Constitution. Hence, the said provision is better catered for under the Constitution than under an ordinary legislation to ensure strength in upholding fundamental rights. In Malaysia, the provision of remedies for enforcement of fundamental rights provided under an ordinary legislation. Conversely, Indian Constitution has provided such remedies under Article 32 and 226. The Indian Courts have given a wide construction to Article 32 and 226 of which the provisions give powers to the Supreme Court as well as High Courts to issue any order, including any order in the nature of the common law prerogative writs, for the purpose of enforcement of fundamental rights guaranteed by the Constitution. In addition, the Indian High Court has jurisdiction to issue writs not only for the purpose of enforcing fundamental rights, but also to enforce any legal rights because of the words „for any other purposes‟ in Article 226. On this paper the writer makes a comparative study on the remedies for enforcement of fundamental rights between Malaysia and India to find out more information regarding the position of the law given in both the countries. At the end of the paper, the writer will make recommendations for the purpose of improving the law concerns.

This research is to evaluate the bureaucracy reform program at State Personnel Agency. The evaluation focused on five stages, namely design, installation, process, product and benefit. Qualitative approach used in this research with using discrepansy evaluation model design. Data collecting with in-depth interview, observation and documentation study. Interview conducted with administrator and official of State Personnel Agency as a key informant. Data analyzed quantitatively through data reduction, data display, and conclussion drawing. The evaluation results toward the bureaucratic reform program at State Personnel Agency shows: (1) the program has been well defined which is indicated by an explanation of the urgency aspect, has clear goals and objectives, and equipped with key success indicator for measures program success, (2) the program has been well designed including the formulation of implementation guidelines, resource preparation, work programs, and evaluation and monitoring, (3) implementation of eight areas of changes which cover organizational structuring, structuring of governance management system, structuring of human resources management system, harmonization of legislation, strengthening of supervision, strengthening of performance accountability, public services, mindset and work culture is good. Although generally good, but has not shown the ideal conditions if associated with position of State Personnel Agency as a pioneer and role model for the ministries or other institutions in the implementation of bureaucratic reform program, (4) the implementation of the bureaucratic reform program has given positive results in the improvement of the quality of clean bureaucracy and free of corruption, collusion and nepotism, the quality of public services, and the capacity and performance accountability, and (5) the implementation of bureaucratic reform programs can provide positive benefits in improving bureaucratic governance, enhance the positive image and improve the apparatus job performance. Therefore, State Personnel Agency needed to improve the implementation of bureaucracy reform program continuously in order to achieve the optimal results.

Attitudes towards job-related factors stand as one of the most influential determinants of retention of Human Resource for Health (HRH) in rural areas. Thus, the factors which underlie the attitudes of HRH towards job-related factors of rural job posts are equally important. Thus, this study assesses the inclination of attitudes of HRH towards job-related factors of rural job posts on a sample of 60 HRH who have short period of service and 61 HRH who have long period of service using Mann Whitney U test for independent samples. We tested the jobrelated factors which are commonly referred in HRH researches, namely, opportunity to practice a variety of skills, opportunity of career advancement, support from other staff, autonomy at work place and the extent to which the job is enjoyable due to its relative difficulty. The findings show that HRH who have short period of service have more favorable attitudes towards opportunity to practice a variety of skills and the degree of enjoyment in their jobs than do their counterparts. As a means to retain HRH in rural health facilities in Tanzania, particularly those who have short period of service, the study recommends on fostering favorable attitudes towards job-related factors of rural job posts by focusing on factors of rural job posts to which they have more favorable attitudes.

Blue Bird is taxi-type public transport. It is a conventional taxi that is very trusted people in Indonesia, especially in Medan. The Blue Bird Taxi is a taxi with a meter that can be trusted compared to other conventional taxis. Several factors can make passengers decide to use Blue Bird, one of which is to increase competitive advantage and utilize e-marketing. This study aims to determine and analyze the influence of competitive advantage and e-marketing to the decision of passengers. The population of this study used 129 students of Master of Management Science, Universitas Sumatera Utara. By using the Slovin formula, the sample number of 98 people is obtained. Data were collected by distributing questionnaires to respondents. Analytical techniques used are multiple linear analysis, classical assumption test, and hypothesis test. The results showed simultaneously competitive, and e-marketing advantages have a positive and significant impact on passenger decisions using Blue Bird and partially competitive advantage, and e-marketing have a positive and significant impact on the decision of passengers when using the taxi.

Every company always wants quality human resources as a valuable asset that is consistently sought and maintained. A company must be able to optimize supporting factor from employee productivity itself to get the optimal result of work. One factor that can improve productivity includes the layout of production facilities and supervision of work that exist in a company. This study aims to determine and analyze the effect of the layout of production facilities and supervision of existing work on production employees of Mawar Bakery. It involves the addition of motivation as a moderating variable to produce good productivity from existing production employees. This research is quantitative descriptive research, and the nature of the research is explanatory. Population includes production employees located at Mawar Pinang Baris, Mawar Setia Budi and Mawar Gatot Subroto involving 132 employees with a sample of 100 employees taken by simple random sampling. Data collection techniques were conducted by documentation studies and distributing questionnaires. The technique of data analysis by using regression analysis of Moderating Regression Analysis (MRA). The result of the test without the effect of moderation indicates that layout of the production facility and work supervision respectively have the positive and significant effect to work productivity of production employees. Work supervision becomes the dominant factor in increasing productivity compared to the layout of production facilities. Test results with moderation effects indicate that motivation is not as a variable that can moderate the influence of job control variables on work productivity of production employees. Thus productivity of production employees will increase if the layout of available facilities and work supervision applied to Mawar Bakery has been following the needs so that production employees can work efficiently.

In the state budget of revenues and expenditure (Anggaran Pendapatan dan Belanja Negara - APBN) 2016, tax revenue is targeted to reach 85% of the total state budget. It is a very high target; therefore the workload of the Directorate General of Tax (DGT) is getting higher and larger. In response to this, it is necessary to have changes and to develop the DGT's organization along with other work units, both the changing of the administrative systems and its human resources. One of the changes is the modernization of the tax administration system that has begun in 2002. The Tax Office (TO) is an integrated part of the DGT’s organizational changing. Based on organizational diagnosis result of the tax office of Palembang Seberang Ulu using 6 variables of Weisbord model obtained mean score for all variables were 4,051. Overall, the organizing of the Tax office of Palembang Seberang Ulu could be considered as good or no problematic issues. For the goal variable, relationship variable, leadership and organizational structure variable, reward and working mechanism have been good or not in problem classification. However, the organization of the Tax office of Palembang Seberang Ulu needs to improve the understanding of the objectives/goals, relationship, leadership, organizational structure, reward and working mechanism by finding solutions to all obstacles that hinder the performance of the tax office organization of Palembang Seberang Ulu.

The paper looked at science as a systematic or step-by-step procedure requires in acquiring or obtaining knowledge that is objective, empirical and rational. The paper talked about the elements of scientific inquiry such as concepts variables, hypotheses, measurements and theories. It further highlighted the characteristics of sciences like objectivity, empiricism, universal applicability, systematic, predictability, verifiability, testability, logicality, experimentation and cumulative knowledge. Various conceptions of science were treated which includes realist conception, conventionalist conception, and traditional conception (a theory, operationalization and observation). Social research is viewed as a systematic way of search for knowledge of understanding social reality. Some types of research were identified as descriptive, analytical, applied, fundamental, quantitative, qualitative, conceptual, empirical, longitudinal, exploratory, and clinical among others. One of the scientific approach, the paper viewed quantitative research and qualitative research as having step-by-step procedures in the collection and the analysis of data collected in the field. The paper concludes that both quantitative and qualitative data are scientific with quantitative research being more rigorous related to positivist science and qualitative to non-positivist conception. The paper further suggests the need for mixed method in social research in order to overcome the shortcomings of both quantitative and qualitative approaches.

Vulnerability of forest peoples (FPs) in the light of deforestation has received very little attention in contemporary environmental discourses and actions unlike forest and forest resources depletion within the framework of the Convention on Biological Diversity and climate change. Influence of foreign capital and the generalisation of the notion of agriculture being the fundamental driver of deforestation in the tropics, set the pace for deemphasizing the vulnerability of FPs to large-scale drivers of deforestation and forest degradation. This paper examines the extent to which deforestation and forest degradation perpetrated by exogenous stakeholders predispose FPs to socio-cultural, economic and environmental vulnerability in the southeast forest (SEF) zone of Cameroon. In-depth secondary data sourcing was carried out while primary data were collected from representatives of State Ministries, workers in industrial plantations, mining, dam construction, logging companies, FPs and a human rights activist using questionnaires, interview and focus group discussion (FGD) guides and field observation. Findings showed that paucity of Cameroon‟s environmental political will, inadequate human, material and financial resources, emergence euphoria and State acceptance of baiting gifts from foreign partners created plenty of room for legal oversights on fundamental deforestation and forest degradation drivers to which FPs, particularly indigenous Baka, are most vulnerable. Alleviating their vulnerability, achieving economic emergence and environmental resilience in the SEF zone require human resource development, an unprecedented political will, effective policy implementation and monitoring of deforestation and forest degradation drivers, as well as formalise tenure security, adjudicate intercommunity dialogue, informed consent and equitable benefit sharing.

This study aims to determine the effect of debt ratio (DR), current ratio (CR), and working capital turnover (WCT) on return on assets (ROA) at companies listed on Indonesia Stock Exchange tourism, hotels and restaurants sector period of 2012-2016. Sample selection in this study using purposive sampling method and got 6 companies which are suitable with the criteria. The research data is obtained from Indonesia Stock Exchange. The method used in this research is panel data regression analysis and it is found that the more appropriate model used is random effect. From the result of research got the value of adjusted R-Square equal to 9.13%. It indicated that current ratio variable has significant positive effect on return on assets (ROA) with regression coefficient equal to 0,0286. However, the variable debt ratio (DR) has insignificant negative effect on return on assets (ROA) with the regression coefficient of 0,6852 and working capital turnover (WCT) variable does not positively influence dividend policy with the regression coefficient of 0,6768.

The aim of this study is to analyze the relationships of the knowledge about environment, member’s participation on environment preservation, and member’s capacity to manage environment with the environment perspective of cooperatives’ members. This study was carried out at the ranch area in Leuwiliang, Bogor (2003) with 70 respondents selected by multi stage random sampling. Respondents are ranchers and the members of cooperative. The data were analyzed using simple regression, multiple regressions, simple correlation, and multiple correlations. The study reveals that there are positive relationships between: (1) the knowledge about environment with the environment perspective of cooperatives’ members, (2) member’s participation on environment preservation with the environment perspective of cooperatives’ members, (3) members capacity to manage environment with the environment perspective of cooperatives’ members, and (4) the knowledge about environment, members participation on environment preservation, and members capacity to manage environment, with the environment perspective of cooperatives’ members.

In the era of technology security surveillance is rapidly increasing in most of the nations worldwide. Continuous security threats to public safety and national security demand use of such systems. The surveillance is often carried out by governments or governmental organisations, but may also be carried out by corporations, either on behalf of governments or at their own initiative. Depending on each nation's laws and judicial systems, the legality of and the permission required to engage in mass surveillance varies. It is often distinguished from targeted surveillance. No one can deny the fact that electronic surveillance systems offer advanced functionalities which threaten the privacy of those recorded in the video. In order to increase the public acceptance of surveillance systems, it is important that they obey the law of the state where they are installed and that their deployment strikes a balance between security and the need to protect privacy. There is an urgent need to balance the usage of electronic surveillance against its negative impact on privacy. In this research paper researcher is trying to discuss privacy issues and legal requirements associated with electronic surveillance.

In Kenya there are obstacles to access to information at the county level which include among other issues-Language barrier. This has impeded public participation hindering county development. This is augmented by Kenya Institute of Economic Affairs report, World Bank report and First Devolution Conference report. The financial jargon used in Homa Bay County’s budget discourse texts hinders public participation which has formed a communication breakdown between the county government of Homa Bay and the public. Findings on Discourse Analysis from various linguists do not explain “discourse exclusion”, a peculiar case where the county government and the people are constitutionally mandated to engage in a discourse but fails to do so due to relevance. This research article looked into processing effort at both lexical and phrasal levels in order to analyze the processing effort at both the lexical and phrasal levels of the financial budget discourse texts of Homa Bay County Government. Theory used is Relevance Theory (Sperber &Wilson,2004)whose tenets include; cognitive effects, processing effort and contextual assumptions. The study used descriptive design; the research area is Homa Bay County Kenya. The population includes 428,911 persons who had attained the voting age of 18 years and budget discourse texts between 2014 and 2016.Snowballing was used to sample 43 members of the public, and 20 linguistic items that formed the budget discourse text between 2014 and 2016.Data collection techniques involved; use of questionnaires, structured oral interviews, tape recording and content analysis of available documents. Data analysis was done thematically and presented in textual and tabular forms and in line with literature and theory used; descriptive design was used. Findings show that phrasal processing effort is cognitively more involving than lexical processing effort. The study is significant in building pragmatic theories, editing and enhances public communication mechanisms for the wider economic development.

The first three gospels in the New Testament give their records in a similar way of expression, content and structure; however, these Gospels have differences in some similar narrations. The existence of similarities and differences in these Gospels is known as „the Synoptic Problem‟. The purpose of this study was to explore how different audience among the author of the Synoptic Gospel influenced the Synoptic Problem. The researcher used Exegetical study to investigate the story of the Gadarene demoniac found in Matthew 8:28-34; Mark 5:1-20 and Luke 8:29-39. Findings showed that the authors addressed different audiences who had different challenges and experiences who in turn led the authors to focus on their needs focusing on specific issues which in turn affected their style, form, rhythm, occurrences, inclusion and vocabulary of each presenter and finally differences and similarities came upon their canonical gospels.

The Qur‟ān is a compendium of divine laws and instructions desired to provide guidance to man, leading him to prosperity and salvation, in all his undertakings. It touches on all aspects of the human endearvours. Among several legal prescriptions contained in the Qur‟ān, the present study is focused on the penal injunctions on Qadhf and Licān as reflected in Sūratu-n-Nūr with a view to assessing implementation of the injunctions among the Muslims in Ilorin, Nigeria. The paper seeks to determine the level of compliance with the Qur‟anic provisions on the issues by the Muslim populace. Both Qadhf and Licān are two criminal acts, the menace of which the research found to be prevalent in Ilorin due to transgression, ignorance or vain desires in spite of the fact that it is a Muslim dominated city which is expected to hold tenaciously to the Islamic law provisions. The research method included interview, questionnaire, observation and literary appraisal. The paper recommends the need for acquisition of adequate knowledge of Islam by the Muslims, uncompromising attitude to the Islamic tenets, and concerted efforts by the Muslim populace for the full implementation of the sharīсah in Ilorin to preserve its age-long religious sanctity.

Modernized efforts for harnessing Nigeria‟s abundant water resources for municipal water supply; irrigation and power generation commenced around 1923 when the first earth dam was constructed. Subsequently many more dams were constructed in the 1970s during the oil boom. And presently more dams are built in a pattern described as a form of top down approach intervention or maladjustment that lacked proper planning; community participation that not only hinder optimal and efficient utilization of resources but threaten sustainability of the projects. Legal, institutional and policy framework / documents that evolved over time to create access, set standards and enforce regulations such as; the (Nigeria)Waterworks Act of 1915, the River Basin Development Authority (RBDA) Decree 25 of 1976 (1979 and 1987), the National Water Resources Master Plan, 1995, the National Water Policy 2004, National Irrigation Policy and Strategy for Nigeria of 2005 and the National Water Resources Master Plan 2013 among other legal/institutional and policy frameworks expounded on and intended to address challenges of water resources development and management in the Country. The aim of this paper is to present an appraisal of these policy and institutional framework in integrating or mainstreaming ecosystem based watershed management. We conduct a review of these frameworks. Our findings reveal that there is a paradigm shift from structural (engineering or hardware) approach to an integrated approach to water resources management that emphasized Ecosystem-Based Watershed Management. The most recent of these frameworks underlined the cross-cutting nature of water resources management and calls for synergy and collaboration, involving users, planners and policymakers at all levels through participation, and with coordination and technical competence of specialized basin entities or Ministries, Department and Agencies (MDAs) as well as research institutions, donor and development partners. The recommendations are geared towards improving cooperation and complementing efforts and commitments of the MDAs.

This study explored antediluvian and contemporary developments in human history and critically scrutinized their impacts in chronological developments of accounting. Considering the fact that the study is theoretically designed, it is therefore considered as literature based .The research design adopt is an explanatory research design. Secondary data is used and sources of information include text books, journals and other related materials in existence taken on in explaining the research variables. The study revealed some prehistoric phenomenal events that have influenced accounting techniques and horizon over the decades or centuries. Equally demystified are some contemporary happenings around the globe such as technology advancement (among others) that have orchestrated globalization with its attendant accounting responses such as the emergence of International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS).How such developments have shaped accounting as a field of study is highlighted. It equally brought to limelight the import of each of the significant prehistoric and contemporary happenings in relation to how such developments have shaped accounting. It was discovered that accounting as a field of study has antediluvian origin and it has kept evolving even till date. The study concluded accounting cannot be alienated from the wide range of prehistorical developments (both ancient and modern) in our environment because they have a way of forcing accounting as field of study to metamorphose and this has made accounting sciences highly dynamic. The paper established that accounting developed purely in response to the needs of the time orchestrated by changes in the environment and societal demands. At some other points, the development of the science of accounting has itself driven the evolution and development of commerce since it was only through the use of more precise and clear-cut accounting techniques that modern business was able to grow, thrive and respond to the needs of its owners and the public. It is therefore recommended that academics and professional accountants should be well informed of the dynamic nature of accounting with a view to being on the alert in order to respond timely and appropriate to up-and-coming challenges technologically, economically, politically and otherwise that may confront accounting.

This study is set on the premise that Nigeria‟s hegemonic influence in the ECOWAS spills over creating stronger socioeconomic ties with neighbouring Cameroon than there is integration between the latter and other CEMAC member countries. The much talked of regional integration among CEMAC member countries has not been matched with concrete adequate steps towards establishing a strong regional bloc to address common political, security, economic and environmental stakes within the Central African sub-region. This paper seeks to assess the reasons and challenges for the weak regional integration amongst CEMAC member countries, how to surmount the challenges and build efficient integration. In the same vein, it probes into the reasons for stronger socioeconomic ties between Cameroon and Nigeria (non-member bloc countries) in order to evaluate the basis for this potency and draw lessons for efficacious integration within the CEMAC. To achieve this, the paper uses mainly secondary sources and interviews with key resource persons. The study posits that the absence of a regional hegemon (core state) within the CEMAC region impedes initiatives towards effective integration while fostering ties between Cameroon and Nigeria; thus the emergence of a regional hegemon with strong political will and economic base will propel the CEMAC integration.

This paper examines the immigration discourse in contemporary Russian internet media. This study aims at illuminating how contemporary Russian internet immigration discourse conceptualises immigrants, using different semiotic modes (not only texts but also visuals). In order to achieve the main goal, textual and visual materials published in the Russian internet media are analysed. The methodology used to conduct research was based on critical discourse analysis, multimodal discourse analysis and cognitive linguistics. The image of immigrants in the analysed material consists of five facets: biological, national, legal, economic and martial ones. In the biological aspect, immigrants are portrayed as people who look different to the indigenous population, have a different skin colour, Asian facial features. The national facet stresses the difference in nationality, even otherness, of immigrants. The legal facet emphasizes immigrants‟ involvement in murders, rapes and robberies. As for the economic facet, immigrants are portrayed as a threat to the country‟s economic development. In the martial aspect, migrants are depicted as occupants and invaders. Authors of the analysed texts use visual discrimination strategies: representation of immigrants as agents of negatively valued actions, discriminatory stereotyping, collectivisation, and aggregation. The analysed Russian internet mass media paints a negative picture of immigrants, especially those from Central Asia and the Caucasus.

This research needs to be done because employee performance at Indonesian Tourism Academy Jakarta for the last 5 years tends to decrease index. The purpose of this research is to analyze the influence of Trnasformational Leadership and Work Motivation on Employee Performance. The research method is quantitative research, the population consists of employees of Pariwiasta Academy Indonesia Jakarta, amounting to 52 employees. As for the sample using saturated samples. The analysis tool used is Multiple Linear Regression, followed by determination analysis (R Square), partial hypothesis testing (t test) and hypothesis test simultaneously (F test), alpha (tolerance error) 5 percent. Before spreading the questionnaire first in the validity and reliability test until all questionnaires are valid and reliable. In order to meet the criteria and requirements of multiple linear regression analysis, first classical assumption analysis such as normality test, multicollionerity and heterokedasitas test are done. Data processing tool SPSS version 21.0. The result of the research is that Transformational Leadership and Work Motivation have positive and significant impact on employee's performance either partially or simultaneously. From the results of determination analysis there are other factors that influence employee performance in addition to variables Transformational Leadership and Work Motivation. The better Transformational Leadership and Work Motivation will be the better Performance Employees at the Academy of Tourism Indonesia Jakarta.