No parent is born a parent rather parenting is a process wherein a parent grows from an individual state to being a parent. Parents shape a child’s whole childhood and in the process of shaping ‘play’ occupies a major role and it fosters the parent child relationship. Play in childhood doesn’t just reflect the current level of development in the child but rather it seems to take forward its effect throughout the life of the child and helps parents understand the child’s perspective easily. For a child, play is not just a play but it is a way of self expression. Playing with the child gives child a sense of being important to the parent this later facilitates a sense of optimism in the child. Being a parent is never an easy role to go about, it calls for a lot of effort often parents are torn between the parenting roles and professional role. Especially in the Indian scenario parents playing with their kids are often valued less and it is not considered as an important element in child development. The advent of technology too has a very important role to contribute to the devaluing of play in today’s world.

This paper explores and characterizes the relationships between human development and education using critical literature review to engage the strands of argument for basic social justice and quality of life at the crossroads of economics, ethics and politics. The oversold conventional approach to development as an income line, people as a means and markets as a focus of concern has long lost its shine on account of the rise of the Human Development Paradigm which accords education a fundamental role in equipping people with competencies and capabilities to enlarge their choices and enhance their well-being. Accordingly, education offers a new language of hope and possibility about what people can actually acquire overtime to choose their kind of life they value; brings into its orbit social justice and equity by training people not just as an economic enterprise but as an attribute of power relations in the structure of any society; and measures learner evaluation not just in terms of literacy tests but people‟s ability to express their views. As education constitutes both a foundation and a vehicle for building and extending people‟s capabilities, the risk is great that the manner in which it is organised and transacted could always be politically manipulated by the elite and economically deployed as a means to produce an under-class. This paper, therefore, tempers optimism with realism and notes that any given education system is a manifestation of the society that embraces it. Notwithstanding this proclivity, the human development paradigm provides the best chance yet for a life people have reason to value because it offers an ethical-political guide to the imperative of social change and economic growth, using education as a compass; and disproving pay as an exact index of merit.

This research aims to know the influence of work environment and work discipline to teacher performance SMP N 247 Jakarta. The object for this research is teacher at SMP N 247 Jakarta. This research was done to 32 respondents by using quantitative descriptive approach. Thus data analysis which is used is statistic analysis in the form of double linear regression test. The result of this research shows that either simultaneously or partially, the variable of work environment and work discipline to teacher performance SMP Ni 247 Jakarta. It has been proven from the result of (f) simultaneously test and the result of (t) partial shows significant point of two independent variables that supports hipothesys. Therefore, the accepted assumption is, there is influence between work environment and work discipline to teacher performance SMP N 247 Jakarta.

In spite of the twenty-first century being an era of information and communication which make accessing authentic texts easier, it is very unfortunate that there still exist many misconceptions regarding Islam. One of such misconception is the issue of terrorism. Naturally, any misconception has roots somewhere and when it comes to modern day terrorism linked with Islam, it is an ideological group historically known as Kharijites who caused serious confusion among Muslims and between Non-Muslims. This paper examines the creeds and principles of the early Khawarij, how they influenced modern day extremist groups like the Boko Haram in Nigeria and why they have deviated from traditional mainstream Islam. Islam is a religion ordained by Allah which has been erroneously aligned with terrorism and numerous conflicts around the globe since the September 11, 2001 attacks in the USA. While Islam does not encourage these actions, there exists movements within the Muslim community which use forcefulness as a means of political expression similar to the early extremist Khawarij sect who abused the concept of takfir. The new brand of Khawarij and their likes the Boko Haram in Nigeria seem to have adopted the main tenets of the Khawarij creed and as a result, carrying out acts of violence under the guise of Islamic jihad. The paper suggests that there is the need for further study on the ideological roots of these groups, their actions, and how society proffer solutions to combat their ideas before they degenerate into terrorist actions.

This research is to determine the influence of competency, organizational commitment, and work discipline for teacher’s performance of SMK N 17 Jakarta. The population in this study amounted to 35 people who directly become the sample. The method used in this research is descriptive method, which is problem solving by describing the object of research at current situation based on the fact. It is analyzed by using tool of Statistical Product and Service Solution (SPSS) version 21.0. From this research got result that competency variable, organizational commitment and work discipline have influence positive and significant to the performance of teachers SMKN 17 Jakarta.

Good multitudes of Cameroonian cities are characterized by a strong recurrence urban front issuant of combined population surge and industrialization. Douala as a sub-Saharan millionaire city witnessed an accelerated spiral of population increase and spatial sprawl in the wake of uncontrolled development of fronts. The fronts depict dynamic limits of growth of urban perimeters with uncoordinated urban physiognomy. The development of Douala is not homogenous in its planning and infrastructural growth due to improper monitoring of urbanisation process. This paper examines the modus-operandi of front development in the city and explains the gaps that have led to an unproductive dynamics of fronts in Douala. The study aims at mapping existing urban fronts and introducing control strategies to reduce unproductive front development in Douala. Field observations, interviews, on-the-spot appraisals, archival sources and documentary research constituted significant data collection sources. The urban space of Douala was determined from satellite images of two periods while the population increase was treated through the Microsoft excel spreadsheet to obtain results. Results revealed that urban front proliferation in Douala is triggered by a rapid population upsurge representing some 405.87% increase in 40 years with the population moving from 476.000 inhabitants in 1975, to 1.931.977 in 2015. The urban space of Douala increased in 24,251 hectares for the past 44 years passing from 3249 hectares in 1970 to 27500 in 2014. Douala is largely an archetypical urban mismanagement territory of poor planning policies, uncoordinated spatial layout of urban settlement and anarchical occupation of land. Legislation and governance has not succeeded in shaping land ownership and buildings leading to anarchy and unproductive dynamics of the fronts in the city. The paper suggests that a participatory management approach involving the public and private actors be used to implement control and address the anarchy that reigns in Douala.

This study aimed to analyze the positive and significant effect of the marketing mix. The products of the partial brand equity, brand equity ratio price partially, place partially on brand equity, promotion of the brand equity and partial positive and significant impact Product, Price, Place, and Promotion of the brand equity simultaneously. The population of this study was students from six universities throughout Jakarta-Bogor-Depok-Tangerang-Bekasi. With the classification of students who had used the ink refill brand Data Print, with starta economy class upper middle (ABC), aged between 17 s / d 55 years spread at the University of Indonesia, Jakarta State University, University of Mercu Buana, Jakarta Muhammadiyah University, University Tarumanagara, University of Muhammadiyah Prof Dr Hamka. While the number of samples from a population of 146 598 students with MOE 5 percent at 5 percent confidence level based on the table of Isaac and Michael is 347 samples. Method of quantitative analysis using multiple linear regression analysis, followed by analysis of determination (R Square), partial hypothesis testing (t test) and simultaneous (test F). The results showed that the products are positive and significant impact on brand equity partially, Price has a significant and positive effect on brand equity partially, Places have a significant and positive effect on brand equity partially, Promotion positively and positively affects partial brand equity. And variable products, Price, Place and Promotion have a positive and significant effect on brand equity simultaneously.

Littoral zones the world over fall amongst the most productive ecosystems because they possess diverse attributes which could be exploited for socio-economic development, such as mangroves. The Republic of Cameroon could equally be accessed via its maritime borders in the south and south west directions along its Atlantic coast. These coastal areas have developed a huge expanse of mangroves. The mangroves along Cameroon’s coast could be classified into three groups: the Rio Del Rey Estuary mangrove, the Cameroon Estuary mangrove and the Rio Ntem Estuary mangrove. Due to the lack of a coordinated management system, these mangroves have been exploited unscrupulously by the neighbouring communities in different ways as a livelihood activity in order to satisfy their needs and wants. This study sets out to assess the exploitation of mangroves along the littoral coast of Cameroon through field surveys and the consultation of institutional sources from government ministries such as Forestry and Wildlife (MINFOF) and Environment, Nature Protection and Sustainable Development (MINEPDED). It was observed that Cameroon’s Littoral zone extends to a distance of about 402km long, containing about 250,000 hectares of mangroves. However, these mangroves are unsustainably exploited by the neighbouring communities notably for fishing, mineral (mostly sand, petroleum) exploitation, wood harvesting for the smoking of fish and fuel wood, housing or settlement expansion, industrial activities, etc. All these human activities jeopardize the future existence of this mangrove-rich ecosystem as well as the benefits they hold for environmental sustainability and sustainable development, which is a major concern of the Cameroon government who have enacted various legislation and policies for their sustainable management.

This article is a study towards the dynamic of social media usage and its users, especially YouTubers. This research was aimed to explore the meaning of YouTube for content creators, find out the motive, and know the behavior of a content creator in YouTube. This research used social phenomenology research method from Alfred Schutz by employing a qualitative approach. The data were obtained by conducting interviews with 11 YouTubers which were selected via purposive sampling. The results of the study indicated different motives. There were 11 motive groups that encouraged informants becoming YouTube content creators. The motives were classified into 3 main motives: personal-use motive, social motive, and commercial motive. Furthermore, the behavior was being examined through phenomenological context; it had a meaning that as content creators, the informants were able to manage strategies to overcome the experienced obstacles to embody their motives. This research also revealed that YouTube was gradually constructed as a means to work or to be creative; means of media and information consumption, and means of business. YouTube turned out to be the reality of expression and business. One's behavior actually communicated who or how a person will form a self-identity.

This research needs to be done because Employee’s Performance on BP SDM ESDM during the last 5 years tends not to reach the target. The purpose of the research is to analyze the effect of leadership style and work motivation on employee performance. The research analytical unit is the employees of the BP SDM ESDM, Number of population is 133 employees by determining the Slovin sample and the questionnaire research instrument. Quantitative analysis method is used in this research with multiple linear regression analysis, followed by determination analysis (R Square), partial hypothesis testing (t test) and simultaneous hypothesis test (F test), alpha (tolerance error) 5 percent. Before spreading the questionnaire first in the validity and reliability test until all questionnaires are valid and reliability. In order to meet the criteria and requirements of multiple linear regression analysis, first classical assumption analysis such as normality test, homogeneity test, and other. SPSS data processing tool version 20.0. The result of this research is that leadership style does not affect on employees’ performance and work motivation have positive and significant effect on partial employees’ performance. The good leadership style applied in motivating employee to work will generate in good employees’ performance.

Breast cancer is one of the most common types of cancer the world over. With advances in treatment and early stage detection of cancer, there are a growing number of women who survive breast cancer for many years after treatments like mastectomy and chemotherapy/radiation. A cancer diagnosis is traumatic as it can be life threatening, necessitating a reorganization of life’s assumptions and goals. As survivors begin to understand their illness experience, they often re-examine the meaning they attach to their existence. Though it can be very stressful, positive transformative changes are also reported by survivors as a result of their experience with cancer. Posttraumatic Growth (PTG) is most evident as positive adaptive changes seen in individuals who have struggled with highly challenging events. This growth can be described in five major domains: seeing new possibilities, changed relationships (improved), being stronger despite feeling vulnerable, greater appreciation for life, changes in spiritual and existential domains. This paper is an attempt to elaborate on the concept of Posttraumatic Growth in the context of surviving breast cancer.

Body image is what an individual perceives of his or her body and the mental schemas that one forms with respect to their body and may or may not bear resemblance to reality. The four elements to a body image are how you see your body, how you feel about your body, how think about your body and what you do as a result of all of the above. It may be positive or negative. Body image in young adult women means how women between the ages of 18-25 years perceive their body and what factors influence the body image of women in that age. Body image has implications on mental health such as self-esteem, anxiety, depression and selfconfidence and eating disorders. Physical illnesses such as cancer, obesity, rheumatoid arthritis also play a role in body image. Literature done in other countries suggests that a majority of women have body image issues. Therefore this concept has to be studied in the Indian context too.

The land is a right that cannot be separated from human life. It is a place to earn a living, build a house or residence, and also a place of burial of people at the time of death. It is an essential thing to a human. For there to be no uncertainty of rights between each other, it is necessary to have rules governing the relationship between man and the land. The land law according to customary law rules man's relationship with the land. According to customary law in Indonesia, there are two kinds of land rights, communal rights, and individuals. It makes the existence of customary law dualism in Indonesia. This should be avoided in the field of law because dualism can lead to legal uncertainty in which a situation is contrary to the philosophy and purpose of the law itself. Thus, the question arises how the customary land law arrangements that exist in Indonesia and the customary land law position after UUPA 1960. This research used normative juridical approach method; this approach refers to written regulations or other legal materials that are secondary to see how it is done through field research to obtain clarity about the subject matter. It can be concluded that the customary laws prevailing in Indonesia indicate the existence of a nuance of life or social function of the land in the division of communal land and individual land or individual. The distribution of rights or arrangements on customary land rights indicates an attempt to discipline the use of customary lands to ensure justice. Legal certainty is not guaranteed by only relying on customary land law alone because of aspects of applying the principle of abstract jurisdiction construction in customary land law.

Elections are part of the implementation of democratic principles whereby the people can elect a state leader or his representatives who make a policy based on the will of the people outlined by the head of state or the people's representatives. The nature of elections is a means of democracy that primarily serves a state government by, from, and for the people. In other words, it embodies the sovereignty in the hands of the people within the framework of a democratic constitutional state. Democracy in Indonesia is a constitutional norm. For democracy to be able to rotate by the axis of the constitution, then democracy must be maintained. The problem that will be the focus of attention of this paper is the axiom of the presidential threshold system after the Constitutional Court's decision to bring the system of government in Indonesia. The political legality of the presidential threshold system is not inconsistent with the constitution in Indonesia. The purpose of this paper is to know the direction of the legislative and presidential election system in 2009 and 2014 in the decision of the Constitutional Court and the political implications of the Constitutional Court decision on the legislative and presidential election system in 2009 and 2014. This research method will examine the subject matter through a case approach. It examines the ratios in the decisions of the Constitutional Court which are the object of research and the approach of legislation. The abolition of presidential threshold provides significant benefits in Indonesia's democratic system. This policy can be a restoration of constitutional rights that were previously hurt by the remedy of constitutional rights. Many advantages will be obtained especially from small parties to carry the presidential candidate. Also, the president's choice is also more diverse. Presidential threshold will make it easier for the president to carry out government duties, due to the absence of other dominant party interventions in parliament.

Is the caste an important factor in Bihar elections? Aur it is synonymous for all. It is a difficult question that can be asked. But very easy to answer that these things happen in every body life. (Hum betiaur vote apni hi jatikodetehain) We give daughter and vote to our own caste. It means vote could not be separated from the caste in Bihar. Each and every step that has been taken according to the caste feature, role, numbers etc played significant role in the 2015 Bihar Assembly elections.

Burmese Citizenship Law-1982 has made the Muslim Rohingyas largest persecuted population groups in the world. Rohingya crisis in Myanmar is a contemporary and crucial issue not only in South and Southeast Asia but also in the world. The „duration of stay‟ of Rohingyas in Myanmar is a matter of controversy raised by Rohingya literatures and Arakanese Buddhists literatures. The root of antagonism between Rohingya Muslim and Buddhist Arakanese is historical. Only the dimension and extension has been changed with the advancement of time. Massive Rohingya exodus has been occurred three times in independent Myanmar, in 1978, 1991-92 and 2017 due to military operation. Huge number of refugee outflow has strike mainly in neighbouring Bangladesh border, has made geopolitical imbalance in the South-East Asia. Myanmar Government and Rohingya leaders should review their policy against each other and should start dialoging for the permanent solution. The paper tries to draw out the origin of Rohingyas and their long history of conflict with Buddhist Arakanese as well as with Government. Refugee issue and migration pattern also included here. Statements are almost bias free as much as possible and have been made best on important historical/research document.

Pakistan is a low income country and the development of agriculture is its most important sector, due to its major commitments Provide healthy food for people. In the past 60 years, the aquaculture area in Pakistan has increased.40%, the rise of the more than 4 period of the masses and the seven times that of the urban development arousing the growing pressure on the cultivated land. Although the yield of wheat has increased by five times, the country is but it's marginal importer. Because of the public's development, the gap between food demands has narrowed to an unbelievable level. Domestic grain production. To deal with food protection in Pakistan needs to know about agriculture (Malik, 2015).

Mauritanian classroom has been regarded as male public space. This has affected the academic achievement of female students, which in turn is likely to influence negatively their social, economic and political visibilities. As such, females’ participation in the classroom activities becomes an inviting topic to be explored. The current study, thereby, aims to unveil the reasons of highly inhibited and highly exuberant female students in the classroom. In so doing, observations and interviews were carried out on 8 students studying at the Modern University of Nouakchott. The findings revealed that inhibition, depreciation of participation, devaluation of speech in mixed environment, peers’ negative comments, and distant and/or female professors, were the main factors hindering female students’ participation. Factors that have been rated as strong promoters of participation, however, were: positive perception of participation, “modern thinking,” wellrounded knowledge about the topic, the type of topic studied, accessible professors, and learner-centered approach.

Bintaro Jaya Clean Water Customer Satisfaction Model, Product Quality Analysis, Customer Relationship Marketing and Quality of Service, aims to analyze the Influence of Product Quality, Customer Relationship Marketing and Quality of Service to Customer Satisfaction either partially or simultaneously. This research uses questionnaire instrument and is a quantitative research with multiple linear regression analysis tool with SPSS 2.00 analysis tool. Sampling technique used in this research is Non Probability Sampling and Sampling Technique in this research is by using method of Purposive Sampling, where researcher use deliberate deliberation in selecting member of population which is considered appropriate in giving necessary information or sample unit according to Certain criteria desirable research. This analysis is continued with Determination Analysis (R Square), T test (partial) and F test (simultaneous). The results of this study are that Product Quality, Customer Relationship Marketing and Quality Services effect on Customer Satisfaction either partially or simultaneously. The better quality of Customer Relationship Marketing and Quality of Service will be able to increase Customer Satisfaction significantly.

Tabita is one of the cosmetic products that are currently in high demand by young people and able to maintain customer loyalty among them among students. This research focuses on students of Faculty of Economics and Business UNPAB. The purpose of this research is to know and analyze the influence of brand image, trust and halal product to switching barrier and its impact on the loyalty of Tabita cosmetic user. The type of this research is quantitative associative, and the nature of the research is explanatory research. The population of this study was 362 female students, and the sample of research was 190 respondents. Sample technique used in this research is purposive sampling. Data analysis is using path analysis. Results of first submodel research show simultaneously and partial of the brand image have the positive and significant effect to switching barrier. Trust and halal products have no significant positive effect on switching barrier. The results of second submodel research show simultaneously and partial brand image, trust, and halal products have a positive and significant impact on loyalty. The results also show the brand image, trust, and halal products negatively affect loyalty through switching barrier.