With the international human rights literature the problem of discrimination has been conceptualized as involving the denial of self-determination of women. Attaining equality between women and men and eliminating all forms of discrimination against women are fundamental human rights. Women around the world nevertheless regularly suffer violations of their human rights throughout their lives, and realizing women‟s human rights has not always been a priority. Achieving equality between women and men requires a comprehensive understanding of the ways in which women experience discrimination and are denied equality so as to develop appropriate strategies to eliminate such discrimination. This paper examined various ways women human rights have been violated despite and some international conferences that have been aimed at eliminating such discriminations.

This paper sets out the reasons why the role of international law is important in different aspects, and goes on to explain certain elements regarding chaos in international law, conflicts, human rights, terrorism and global environment. It will also introduce the United Nations system with a focus on the opinion of the most highly publicists in international law. As international law seeks to displace chaos, its objective nature and binding force imposes by a higher authority, create stability and certainty in social relations and impose order where such relations are in danger of breaking down. The implication is that many of the topics that receive the most attention in international law – the laws of war, territorial limits, arms agreements, and so on – are unlikely to be affected by international law. On the other hand, issues such as international economic matters, environmental issues, and so on, can more easily be affected by international law. This suggests that the international law should focus greater attention on the latter subjects and less on the former.

Local government by hierarchy of superiority, has the lower rank among the three tiers of government, but invariably the most significant unit. This is because local government is more closer to the people at the grass root level. The closeness to the people in the society create an avenue to have the full knowledge of each and every family, which pave so many ways of improving the personal lives of the people and have quick access to solutions of the problem affecting the society. Crime prevention and control can only be successfully accomplished with the help of the local government authorities. This paper shall seek to examine the roles local government plays in preventing and controlling of crime in the nation, and lastly proffer solutions to them.

Hermeneutics, as a theory of interpretation, has a long tradition in Western thought. In Africa however this science has always been seen within the context of the Western thought. The statement of a naturalized epistemology of African indigenous knowledge, the demonstrated existence of a solar religion characterizing the civilizations of Egypt, Sumer, as well as primitive Christianity and traditional Africa, all of this coupled to the demonstrated scientific nature of the solar religion indicates the existence of an approach of interpretation of religious texts and discourses exclusively appropriate to solar cultures. This new approach distinguishes the scientific content from the cultural one, and judges the religious records by a comparative study of its scientific content with a systematic natural theology which provides an unbiased scientific standard of the “Word of God”.

In Africa the study of witchcraft is hampered by methodological problems which are the result of the use of Eurocentric materialistic belittling paradigm. To avoid this pitfall, this paper offers a new empirical methodological approach which relies on: (1) The scientificity of African indigenous epistemology and the superiority of its bases compared to Eurocentric view; this eschews any connotation of superstition as far as African values are concerned. (2) The distinct existence of the divine, human and demonic initiatory lore in African culture; this distinction corners witchcraft to the demonic field. (3) The possibility of studying witchcraft empirically as the reverse of the practice of the divine mystery. For the implementation of this methodology in relation to African cultures, this paper recommends Kôngo religion as the best starting paradigm, because it is a scientific episteme and it enables the scholar to seize the different trends of African traditional religion in a unifying theory.

The highest healing practice in Kôngo traditional society has always involved the purification of being and/or the use of spirits. This approach has been so far frowned at as having no scientific foothold, i.e., as being a mere superstition. In this paper, the author demonstrates the scientific anthropological bases of the purification of being, exposes the scientific validity of the existence of spirits, and evidences the main two approaches of the use of the spirits in divine healing as being the use of water, of herbal and mineral agents as well as the sole use of prayer. The methodology used in this paper is based on the use of the facto-deductive scheme to formulate the kemetic cosmological argument and the pre-suppositional use of the systematic natural theology thus stated to prove the scientific nature and validity of the various aspects of the Kôngo culture. The demonstration thus made has been shown to be susceptible of generalization mutatis mutandis to cover any African traditional society. Finally the author gives a glimpse of the modern continuation of African traditional spiritual healing practice.

The aim of this research to analyze the effect of training and organizational commitment on performance of State University of Jakarta Student Cooperative (KOPMA UNJ) Management. The amount of population from KOPMA UNJ management from 2015-2016 is 70 people. Census method was used to involve all member in population as the respondent. This is a quantitative research used a questionnaire with likert scale that given to respondents to get the primary data. Validity and reliability testing included the Pearson product moment and statistic Cronbach’s Alpha tests. Analytical method used to answer the hypotheses was multiple linear regressions with SPSS program to process the data. The result showed that training and organizational commitment had a significant and positive effect on performance. The highest correlation was between the dimension of target found in human resource development variable and the dimension of work quality in performance variable. Holding a training and education can increase management’s work quality and it will impact the organization to achieve its goals.

This study aimed to determine the effect of brand image, brand awareness and price on purchasing decisions of products of SMEs in SMESCO Indonesia. Population in this study as many as 1340 people using Slovin’s formula, then got the sample of research as many as 93 consumers. The result of descriptive statistical analysis shows that respondents who answered agree on the indicators of research variables are very high and the results of multiple regression analysis yields multiple linear regression equation Y = 9.430 + 0.227 X1 + 0.278 X2 + 0.376 X3. Based on the results of the analysis showed that the variables of brand image, brand awareness and price influence the purchasing decisions of products of SMEs in SMESCO Indonesia. Based on calculations using SPSS showed that the adjusted R Square of 94.5% variable on purchase decisions are influenced by brand image, brand awareness and price while the remaining 5.5% is influenced by other variables. Based on these results, it turns out the factors of brand image, brand awareness and price can have a positive impact on purchasing decisions SME products from consumers SMESCO Indonesia so as to achieve the purpose of the company's success.

In this paper the author handles the issue of secularism in African context and shows that it is wrongly defined due to the use of European inherited or mimicked standards. He explains that, while Western perception places religion out of the field of science, the naturalized epistemology of African indigenous knowledge demonstrates that religion is one of the three components of African traditional science and that contrary to Western Christianity and to Islam, African traditional religion (ATR) involves a scientific content explaining rationally the relationship between God, man and the universe, and cultural contents necessitated by the need to apply the scientific religious principles within specific milieus. Moreover, ATR thus defined leads to a scientific and normative discourse of morality. Therefore, any strategy of secularization in Africa must first make the distinction between the scientific content of ATR and its cultural ones. It is thus obvious that, as far ATR is concerned, African governments must adopt non-secular policy vis-à-vis its scientific aspects, as it is the case for any science, and apply secularism only toward its cultural contents.

One of the well known images in the iconography of ancient Egypt is the Nut, Shu, Geb scene. In this paper the author used the “solar cosmological interpretation” (SCI) to enforce the perception of this scene as a depiction of the process of creation. The method of SCI implies the use of the deductive approach to establish the kemetic cosmological argument (KCA) and the pre-suppositional use of the systematic natural theology that the KCA constitutes to correlate and enforce the Nut, Shu, Geb scene as a cosmogonical and cosmological depiction; the correlation thus established between the KCA and the NSGS extends the scientific nature of the former to the later and evidences that the Nut, Shu, Geb scene is not only the depiction of the origin of the temporal universe, but also a pictorial explanation of the nature of our universe.

Nigeria as a country is endowed with what is required to become one of the greatest countries of the world in terms of social, political, economic and educational development, but the menace of “Nigerian factor” has become one of the major impediments to the realization of that feat. The menace has become part of the socio-cultural pattern among Nigerians that it has become very difficult to uproot in spite of the anti-corruption war. Nigerian factor is a corrupt value system and mind-set that are learnt either consciously or unconsciously which propels an individual to seek for selfgratification against the collective interest and growth of the nation. It manifests in the attitude to work of Nigerians, expectation of gratification and appreciation before carrying out an official duty, “sorting” in educational institutions in order to gain undue advantage from lecturers, nepotism and cronyism, long leg, poor attitude to due process, bottom power, among others. Nigerian factor puts both private and public officers in a fix between doing the right thing or towing the line of the menace, it affects the quality of graduates from educational institutions, leads to marginalization of those that refuse to tow its line, and so on. The paper therefore recommends value reorientation through effective teaching of values in Social Studies at different levels of education, attitudinal change through the instrumentality of education, modelling of appropriate values and attitudes among others.

Nigeria as a country have experienced a number of reform and economic policies pursued by previous Heads of Government from Independence to the democratic dispensation of former President Goodluck Ebele Jonathan. One of these policy package was the transformation agenda which was planned to last for the period of five (5) years. The strength of the Transformation Agenda lies in a well thought out policy document, driven by the best world class Economic Management Team through a potential financial, human and political resource based. The total projected investment for the 5 years programme was N35. 511.29 trillion. Out of this, government will contribute 57.10% or N20. 277.72 trillion, while the private sector share will be 42. 9% or N15. 233.57 trillion. Looking at the cash flow budgetary plan, one will expect a drastic ransacked economic recovery. In spite of this huge investment, the country growth at this mention period remained blurred and disastrous however, a number of threats and challenges to the realization of the Transformation Agenda were cited as the caused. These include, absence of good governance and accountability; ineffective public service; lack of synergy between political office holders and holders of public office; the incessant problem of insecurity; corruption to mention but a few. Haven embarked on a rigorous and extensive qualitative method of research design, the authors adopted a content analysis method for analyzing their findings, the paper posited that there is the need for a radical developmental strategy that will guarantee inclusiveness as opposed to exclusiveness in the governance of the Transformation Agenda and almost all previous reform policies which shall act as a platform for future government reform plan. The paper was divided into five sub-related sections including introduction, theoretical framework and review of related literature, some selected reform agenda. While the fourth section was specifically dedicated to the constraints and challenges of the reform agenda; and section five dealt with concluding remark and recommendations.

Relationship between livelihoods and the immediate habitat are very significant for the tribal populations in India and more specifically with regards to simple societies like the particularly vulnerable tribal groups (PVTG). The resourcefulness and dynamics of the ecosystem usually of the forest, in many cases have a very direct impact on the sustainability of livelihood of the tribe in question. This may be attributed to the degrading ecosystem and continuous loss of biodiversity, which may in turn is referred to both internal and external factors. Compared to the internal, external factors are potentially detrimental to the environment equilibrium as the non-tribal populations exploit the forest recourses indiscriminately for various purposes using advanced technology, disrupting the biodiversity. The forest biodiversity and livelihood practices are very directly related as tribals rely on it not only for food, but also for their shelter, medicine, and religious and emotional leanings. With these drastic changes taking place at ecological level the owes of securing livelihoods have increased, making the Chenchu to initiate new practices of food procurement, some of them being designed by the agents of developmental interventions. A keen observation and analysis of these developments gives the insight that the Chenchu are moving from self-sufficient habitat based means to new trends that are culturally alien aimed at weaning them away from the local recourses rapidly increasing interdependency on the outer world.

The future of society depends on the quality of life of its children. The major objective of this research initiative is ―to assess the level of nutritional awareness among parents of primary school going children‖, in low income class urban areas by assessing their knowledge of nutrition, and the quantity and quality of food they provide to their children. Primary school is a time when children are exposed to many influences outside of the family. Parents need to help their children build healthy foundations by encouraging a habit of consuming healthy foods and maintaining good nutrition throughout these formative and impressionable years. Due to multiple factors such as the easy availability of unhealthy restaurant meals, busy lifestyles of parents, and marketing pressures in a globalized world, children more often than not, do not get the proper nutritious meals that they deserve. These challenges to children‘s nutrition have implications for national economic growth, healthcare infrastructure and the overall mental, physical and social wellbeing of Bangladeshis. Nutritional awareness on its own means little without practice; hence this study utilizes parent‘s nutritional practices towards their children as a benchmark of their commitment to their children‘s nutrition.

Micronutrients are nutrients that are needed in incredibly small quantities for maintaining proper health. In children, these nutrients may be exceptionally important for growth and proper physiological development. This paper has discussed the lack of proper attention given to micronutrient deficiency in growing children caused by an insufficient intake of minerals, B vitamins and essential amino acids, which the body cannot make. Whilst the issue of iodine and vitamin A deficiency in children has been disseminated to the mainstream, the same has not been done for other important micronutrients. This a discussion and recommendation paper that has attempted to lay out the importance of launching a revamped national enlightenment and action programme to address not only persistent Vitamin A deficiency, but also the much less talked about and operationalized minerals, B Vitamins and essential amino acids.

This paper investigates the relationship between public human resource management (HRM) and exploitation prospect. It gave adefinition to the public sector and the human resource, and then raised some creative ideas and future developments of the public human resource management, which based on the analysis of the necessity of the public human resource management. The public human resources management， which is relation to international and domestic environment， is developing quickly in China． Whether the western public human resources management theory is suitto China， is the core of public human resources management in China. Nowadays, there are lots of problems in public human resources management in China. We should explore the rule of public human resources management and it development, which is used to the practice of management in our country.

Good governance has in recent times appeared as the new intonation to address the failures of public systems, especially in the arena of public health. Health is a state subject and the primary responsibility of providing health care is with state governments. Majority of states' expenditure accounts of ail public expenditure on the health sector. Statelevel variations on expenditure on health over the years show a proportion to total government expenditure it shows a declining trend after 1985-86. This article examined the allocations of health budget for the light of commitments made in municipal governance of budget. The present study was carried out to assess the budget allocation and expenditure pattern for health including private and public health. The findings revealed that the budget allocation for total health care was less, compared to that of maternity home and child care budgets. The study focused on trends in BBMP spending on Health Sector. The results conveyed that the BBMP spending on health sector as per state Real GDP for BBMP Budgetary allocation was low compared to real allocation. These figures indicate the status of ignorance of urban public health sector. The study suggested that the prime importance of health care both at micro and macro levels needs to be attentive at budget allocation and at management strategic decisions to regulate the health care policy to achieve this sectors as one of the millennium development goals which is most vital for growing urban population through both public and private partnership interventions.