The aim of the article is to describe the relationship between Europe and Islam based on the analysis of economic, cultural and social factors, including demographic changes in Europe and in the Muslim countries. This article was developeSaudi J. Humanities Soc. Sci.d due to the use of mainly qualitative research, particularly on the basis of the analysis of sources and desk research, as well as on the results of own studies on the change of value systems among the young generation of the Arabs. The entire article was adhered to the thesis on the inevitability of the civilization conflict that we are witnessing in the reality of the migration crisis, and also in the age of ‘dying’ Western civilization.

The research paper looked at Capacity Building Programme Needs for School Administrators in Secondary Schools in Cross River State, Nigeria. The purpose of the study was ascertained the relevance of capacity building programmes to secondary school administrators in Cross River State, Nigeria. Descriptive survey design was adopted for the study. The study was guided by two research questions. The population of the study comprised of 234 principals in Secondary schools in Ikom Education Zone, Cross State, Nigeria with a sample of 150 respondents. The instrument for data collection was a researcher‟s structured questionnaire titled “Capacity building programme needs for school administrators (CBPNSA)” was used to elicit information from the respondents. The instrument consisted of 20 items developed by the researcher. Mean and standard deviation were used to answer the research questions. The study found out that government incentives help in motivating administrators to ensure participation in capacity building programmes for effective school administration.

Sri Lanka is a diverse country and is home to many religions, ethnicities, and languages. Sinhala-Buddhists are the predominant ethnic group in this country, constituting 70.19% of the total population, with the Muslims being the second largest minority. There are a wealth of records in history that prove the cordial relationship between Buddhists and Muslims in the past. However, the aftermath of civil war (1983-2009) caused tension to brew between these two groups. This is because of recent hate campaigns undertaken by a number of Buddhist Nationalist Groups (BNGs) through instigation of Buddhism or Sinhalese nationalism among Buddhists adherents. These groups have been actively protesting against the Muslim social, cultural, and religious practices and behaviours, such as the issuing of Halal certification, slaughtering of animals for food, conducting of prayer services, maintaining worship places, etc. They have also disseminated misinterpretations about Muslims and their religion, Islam, spreading derogatory speeches among the Buddhists. Given the above background, this paper has attempted to determine the impacts of recent campaigns on the traditional relationship between Buddhists and Muslims via an analysis of Buddhist and Muslim point of views. According to the Buddhists, the recent attempts instigated by Buddhist Nationalist Groups have not impacted their relationship with the Muslims in any way and that they still habitually maintain a cordial relationship with said community. Even the Muslims feel as strongly in terms of keeping a cordial relationship with the Buddhists. However, according to their point of view, these hate campaigns could potentially ruin their already harmonious relationship with the Buddhists, turning it into a conflicting relationship instead. Therefore, both the Buddhist and Muslim communities in Sri Lanka plan to be more vigilant against these harmful campaigns.

Information is a very important concept during an interaction between interlocutors within a particular health communicative context. In matters concerning individuals' health and other emotive issues, subjective information of any kind would provide sustaining knowledge to the seeker of knowledge. It is, therefore, of immense significance for people to have access to credible information that would satisfy their questions, curiosity and emerging problems of wellness. In Kenyan towns and villages, certain strategic street pathways are replete with Traditional Medicine advertisements by herbalists and witchdoctors. As a vehicle for promoting social modernization, the impact of utilizing advertising to promote trade in developing society remains a key subject. Although audiences are exposed to a number of advertisements, advertising may deceive either by increasing a consumer's false belief or by exploiting true beliefs in the ways designed to sell the product or offer services. This paper has interest in the discourse of advertisement of traditional medicine. Health issues have always been an important and emotive phenomenon in the lives of humans. Being in good health and able to go about one’s business without ill-health is a desire longed for by everyone. Hence, people become very much interested in matters touching on their health and the inherent rhetoric accompanying the offered ‘solutions’ as a means of persuasion. Are herbal medicine practitioners’ genuinely reaching out to fill the void possibly left out by modern medicine? Are these practitioners ably ‘treating’ all the ‘illnesses’ they advertise? These questions form the discourse matters sought in this paper.

The main concern on this study is HOS Cokroaminoto and KH. Ahmad Dahlan’s thoughts on the Islamic education. The result of this study is expected to be an alternative solution to solve the problems of the nation's education through the idea of HOS Tjokroaminoto and KH. Ahmad Dahlan. This research is a library research used descriptive analysis, by which the object of the study is the thought of HOS Tjokroaminoto and KH. Ahmad Dahlan on Islamic Education. The data used were taken from the works of the respective figures and expert opinion in such matters. In the thought of HOS Cokroaminoto, Islamic Education does not teach only aqal intelligence, but must also inculcate the Islamic principles. In one hand, KH. Ahmad Dahlan asserts that Islamic education should be based on a solid foundation; the Qur'an and Sunnah. This foundation is a philosophical framework in formulating the concept and ideals of Islamic education, both vertically and horizontally. The Islamic educational thought owned by HOSTjokroaminoto and KH. Ahmad Dahlan have similarities in terms of the foundation and the difference in the objectives, whereas the first is more directed at the education that led to the independence of the Muslims; while the second leads to the integralization of religious sciences and general sciences.The similarities and differences of HOS Tjokroaminoto and KH.AhmadDahlan’s thoughts on Islamic education can be seen from three aspects; the basic principles of Islamic education, curriculum and teaching methods.

Information in any organisation is the most basic and crucial asset. Recorded information requires effective and efficient management practices to ensure ease of access and retrieval. Management of records in public agencies is majorly characterized by poor management practices. This study was conceived to examine records management practices at the parliamentary Service Commission (PSC) and to suggest ways in which these practices can be enhanced to strengthen compliance with records management legislations, regulations, guidelines and procedures. The study adopted a qualitative research method using case study approach. The study population was 360 with a sample size of 279 involving policy makers, policy implementers and operational staff. Data was collected using a combination of predesigned questionnaires and interview schedules. The study established that 64.5% of the respondents reported that PSC had not developed procedures for capturing, managing and storing electronic and paper records in a proper and secure manner as compared to 35.5% of respondents who did agree. Further, more than half (149 or 53.4%) of the respondents reported that PSC had not issued adequate guidance and procedures on capturing, using and keeping records to the staff. The pattern was similar in all categories of respondents. In light of these findings, it was concluded that there was lack of a framework to create good systems for better records management. The study recommended that the top management should be ready to embrace best record management practices. All levels of staff should be trained on record management skills, policies and procedures to enhance accountability.

This study investigated on factors influencing mastery of reading, writing and arithmetic (3Rs) among learners of primary schools in Ilala District using descriptive and inferential statistics. Data was collected from 231 teachers in 13 sampled schools through questionnaires. The questionnaire was subjected to pilot testing, where Cronbach’s alpha results ranged between 0.760 and 0.923. The study established that school administrative support, teaching methodologies and teacher and learner related factors significantly influence pupils’ mastery of 3Rs. Pupils are perceived by their teachers to master 3Rs and school administration is concerned with pupils’ mastery of 3Rs by setting effective strategies. Pupils are perceived by teachers to attend schools regularly but they don’t have independent reading, writing habits and self discipline toward learning. Based on these findings, the study recommended that school administration should continue to support teachers’ efforts to improve pupils’ mastery of 3Rs. School administration should ensure conducive environment for learning, support reading culture, provide seminars on how to teach 3Rs and seek for support from the government and non-government organizations. Finally, teachers should encourage pupils to engage in independent reading, writing habits and self discipline toward learning.

This study investigated on accessibility to inclusive education in Public Secondary Schools in Arusha, Tanzania. A total of 360 teachers and students in three sampled districts filled the questionnaire. Data was analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Validity was ensured through expert judgment and reliability of the questionnaire ranged between 0.64 and 0.83 Cronbach‟s Alpha. The study concluded that schools comprise of different learners including those with disability and teachers are prepared to include learners with special needs. Teachers and students are prepared for inclusive education and have positive attitude toward learners with disability. However, there is nonavailability of reading materials for the blind and the school ground is not favorable for them to walk comfortably. There are no wheel chairs for physically challenged students and schools have no ramps and special toilets for learners with disability. Based on these findings, it is recommended that school administration should provide teachers with workshops and seminars on how learners with special needs can be included in the learning process. Teachers should provide appropriate location for visually impaired to sit and ensure availability of reading facilities for the blind. Schools in collaboration with parents should ensure availability of wheel chairs for physically challenged and prepare ramps and special toilet facilities for learners with disability. Finally, schools should increase cooperation with homes on how to assist emotionally challenged learners.

With advancement in information and communications technology, there has been convergence of various communication channels into few distribution platforms or same media organizations owning several media channels. Media stakeholders in Kenya had wanted to have self-regulation in the media industry. Three regulatory bodies (Media Council of Kenya, Communication Authority of Kenya and Film Classification Board) have been established through legislation to regulate media content and practice. This paper aims at analyzing the current media regulatory system in Kenya with a view to recommending the appropriate system. To achieve this, the paper has systematically reviewed academic journal articles, books, newspaper stories on media regulation and the law governing the establishment and operations of the three key media regulators. Social responsibility theory has been applied to explain the relevance of media regulation. The findings were that Kenya currently applies two media systems: 1. statutory regulatory system that is applied in two regulatory bodies and 2. Statutory media self- regulatory system which is applied in one regulatory body. The paper has recommended that Kenya should apply the statutory media self- regulatory system as it is the best for developing democracies. The paper has also recommended the review of the laws governing the three regulatory bodies so that they conform to the dynamics of technological advancement in the media industry in order to avoid duplication and competing roles.

The aim of the paper is to focus on the redistribution of social orders through identity consciousness of the traditional lower strata of the society during 20th century. Status groups in a conservative society will never compromise with a low position than traditionally ascribed and they strive by all means to improve their existing status. The research methodology adopted is a combination of analytical, historical and sociological. The sources both primary and secondary. The primary sources include archival sources, epigraphical evidences, native newspapers reports and government reports both published and unpublished. The secondary sources include books, journals and newspapers.

The rapid development of urbanization has brought about increasingly prominent ecological contradictions. Nowadays, flood has become a new urban disease in China's major cities, while storm water management turns to be a top priority for all levels of government. The Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development issued a "sponge city construction technology guide" in November 2014. April 2016, Ningbo was successfully selected as the second batch of national sponge city construction pilot cities. The author investigates the current situation of Ningbo city planning, program construction as well as supervision and protection approach, according to the existing problem on organizational management, retrofit of old industrial area, and the utilization of capital in the construction process of Ningbo sponge city, combined with the relevant experience of domestic demonstration work and the city case, the author puts forward some corresponding recommendations.

The purpose of this research is to analyze the accountability of local government's discretion in illegal mining in Bone Regency. The study used a more specific qualitative approach. Data collection is done by observation, interview and documentation, and research data, that is data reduction, data display, and image / verification conclusion. The result of the research shows that authority related to supervision is done to the central government that is mining inspector is legal aspect which grows regional bureaucratic discretion in the calculation of wild defender, to execute the illegal miners are on the police side while the authority of local government and province is Through the coaching of ethics (ethical) that emerged in this study. The functional officer who supervises such a strong mining inspector is 6 people and who is required to have professionalism in a position mandated by a regulatory mandate that is in the supervision of the center in which on the mine inspector. Expertise in mining mapping requires accurate data and precise methods of closed polygon forms. In the public interest aspect, the most concerned about the public is the developing environment as it is muddy because of the wild mining activities. The accountability of discretionary aspects that have been described indicates at the legal and ethical level so that the accountability of the Bone district government can be done with the tactical action of the provincial government that can do the discretion with the formation of the Integrated Team.

Some of the British agents have wondered due to view of thousands of tanks in low country dry zone of Sri Lanka. The first topographical survey conducted in 1897 and the first systematic study on small tanks within a limited area in 1923 marked the turning point of studying the unique tank system in the country. After this a lot of researchers and professionals both local and foreign, attempted to explore and analyze these systems. Understanding the strategies, water management techniques and issues, anthropological background, ecological settings, organizational behavior of tanks, as well as the current issues and management approaches, were also analyzed within the past period. In addition to the tank based studies, there were a number of studies in relation to “set of tanks” or “combined group of tanks with its catchments as well as command areas”. This paper identifies the evolution of these study disciplines, as well as relevant study periods on different perspectives in relation to tank cascades.