Human communities traditionally rely heavily on moving people, goods, and knowledge. Higher degrees of accessibility and a notable rise in mobility have coincided with modern economic processes. While this tendency dates back to the Industrial Revolution, it picked up speed in the second half of the 20th century with the liberalization of trade, the emergence of economic blocs, and the effective exploitation of global labour and resources. This study applies neo-realism, a theoretical paradigm emphasising the anarchic nature of the international system and the primacy of state interests, to examine the geopolitical consequences of multilateral corridors in the Middle East. The research examines how major infrastructure projects serve as tools of power projection, economic security, and regional influence. It focuses on major initiatives like the Iraq Development Road (Dry Canal), the International North-South Transport Corridor (INSTC), the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) and the proposed IMEC corridor. The study offers a thorough analysis of the strategic dynamics supporting these corridors by combining a variety of qualitative research techniques, such as literature review, content analysis, and comparison analysis. The results show that while international corridors present issues with sovereignty, reliance, and possible conflicts, they also act as arenas for great power competition, regional power dynamics, and alliance formation. The study provides insights into the strategic manoeuvres of state actors and the underlying power structures influencing regional stability and development by placing these corridors within the larger framework of Middle Eastern geopolitics. This helps to clarify the intricate interplay of competition and cooperation that shapes the region's evolving infrastructure landscape.

Pedagogy is the process by which instructors help pupils develop. Methods alone cannot adequately capture pedagogy, the art and science of teaching. A worldview and an idealized picture of the educated person must be part of it. These offer the ultimate objective and target that all facets of an educational tradition are cantered around. They also offer guidelines for choosing the methods to be applied in the teaching process. The tenets and viewpoints of contemporary Indian education are embodied in NEP 2020. The science of teaching assumes this is the case and goes beyond simply providing more specific instances of how Indian principles might be reflected in the teaching-learning process.

The Line of Actual Control (LAC) has been tense recently, with the fiercest border conflict since 1962 at Galwan Valley in 2020. Despite extensive talks, trust is absent on both sides. Apart from infrastructural development and military buildup, new methods of increasing vigilance are being used by both, which include building Xiaokang or ‘well-off villages’ from the Chinese side and rehabilitating border villages by the Indian side. Indian border villages have historically held strategic importance but have become depopulated due to limited opportunities, leaving them as ‘ghost villages.’ India is working to support these villages and counter Chinese tactics to maintain territorial integrity. India can improve security and bilateral cooperation by leveraging the strategic and socio-economic potential of these villages. This paper examines the importance of border villages as hubs for cross-border surveillance and security measures amid geopolitical tensions, border conflicts, and broader security concerns. It aims to understand how these villages can promote peace, prosperity, and resilience in the Indo-China border region and provide policy recommendations for their development, thereby maintaining peace in contested border areas.

Rapid urbanisation in Enugu Metropolis has increasingly altered natural hydrological processes, raising concerns about groundwater sustainability and aquifer vulnerability. This study assessed the impact of urban expansion on groundwater recharge and evaluated the susceptibility of the underlying aquifers to contamination. An integrated approach involving hydrogeological field measurements, laboratory analyses, geospatial land-use assessment, and DRASTIC vulnerability modelling was employed. Land-use/land-cover analysis showed that built-up areas expanded from 18% in 2000 to 52% in 2024, while vegetation cover declined by 31%, indicating significant surface sealing. Groundwater level measurements revealed depths ranging from 9.4 to 28.7 m, with reduced recharge in densely urbanised zones. Estimated recharge decreased from 142–170 mm/year in 2000 to 68–110 mm/year in 2024, representing a 39–52% decline. Hydrogeological analysis showed moderately productive sandstone aquifers with hydraulic conductivity of 1.4 × 10⁻⁴ to 6.2 × 10⁻⁴ m/s and transmissivity values of 15.8–64.3 m²/day. Groundwater quality showed slightly acidic pH (5.2–6.8) and elevated nitrate concentrations (up to 64 mg/L), indicating anthropogenic influence. The DRASTIC model classified 35% of the metropolis as highly vulnerable, 49% moderately vulnerable, and 16% of low vulnerability, with high-risk zones concentrated in Abakpa Nike, Ogui, Emene, Uwani, and Trans-Ekulu. The study concludes that rapid urbanisation has significantly reduced groundwater recharge and heightened aquifer vulnerability in Enugu Metropolis. It recommends improved urban planning, protection of recharge zones, enhanced waste management, and establishment of a groundwater monitoring network to ensure long-term water resource sustainability.

The shift from secondary level to tertiary level marks an important phase in a student’s academic and personal life. This study investigates the various challenges faced by first-year university students, commonly known as freshers. This study utilized both qualitative and quantitative methodologies, encompassing questionnaires, interviews, and observations, to identify the primary challenges encountered by students in their initial university experience. The study's findings indicate that freshmen face various social, emotional, academic, and financial difficulties, including homesickness, language barriers, adjustment to new learning styles, and financial stress. A lot of students also felt mental anxiety, feelings of inferiority, and trouble with time management and communication. This study underscores the necessity for supportive measures from university administrations, encompassing counseling services, pedagogical approaches, and equitable treatment for all students. If these issues are properly addressed, universities can ensure a more welcoming environment for freshers; additionally, it will create a smoother shift to higher education and promote their academic and personal development.

The loss of unipolarity and simultaneous emergence of plural loci of power have brought on the rising multipolar order that is becoming more indicative of the agency of the Global South. Within this transformation, the RIC Troika of Russia, India and China have shifted its structure into a consultative process to a strategic triangle of the twenty first century geopolitics. This paper will discuss the operation of the RIC Troika within the framework of a wider power rebalancing between the global North that is dominated by the West and the growing Global South with diplomatic coordination, institutional innovations and strategic outreach. The study has a theoretical base of power diffusion, polycentric governance and the solidarity between South -South, thus, applying a qualitative analytical approach is a mixture between geopolitical analysis, review of discourse and interpretation of policy. Another aspect that has been pointed out in the paper is the geo-economic restructuring of trade, energy, technological ambition and financial flows. The paper has put into consideration that though the RIC Troika is not expected to substitute the Western hegemony there is both material and ideational momentum that enhances the bargaining power of the Global South in the rising polycentric world. Tying together high-level diplomacy with the developmental desires of Global South, the RIC Troika is the key experiment in rehumanising of global power relations. The paper ends by concluding that the future of the emerging multipolar order will rely on how well the members of RIC are able to enjoy the alignment of their strategic ambitions to the interests of the rest of the increasing assertive Global South.

Detailed sedimentary facies and depositional environment studies were carried out on clastic deposits outcropping around Opi and its environswithin the Ajali and Nsukka Formation of the Anambra Basin. This defines the depositional facies, and sandstone hydrodynamics. The results revealed sixlithofacies which are systematically recognized into four genetically connected facies associations based on the textural parameters and diverse sedimentary structures derived from the hydrodynamic controls. The sedimentary facies include Structureless sandstone facies, Heterolith facies, Mudstone facies, Wave ripple facies, Parallel laminated sandstone facies and Planar Cross bedded Sandstone facies with its respective structural elements pivotal in the qualitative and quantification of the lithofacies and facies association description. The facies associations systematic paleo-environment diagnosis reveals depositional in fluvial, upper shoreface to lower shoreface depositional settings. The sandstones are predominantly medium to coarse grained and poorly sorted, indicating high-energy depositional conditions. Furthermore, their symmetrical skewness suggests the depositing medium operated at a steady velocity over a prolonged period, a characteristic feature of fluvial systems.

This study examines the difficulty local governments experience in fulfilling their constitutional responsibilities as the third level of government, even in the face of government changes aimed at improving their performance and offering lessons learnt to address the issues. Local government administration, Nigeria's third tier of government, is in charge of bringing about socioeconomic development locally. Since the establishment of the nation's local governments, numerous reforms have been tried, but unsuccessfully, to achieve the goal of local government establishment. The study collected and analyzed data using a qualitative approach. According to the survey, local government is finding it more and more challenging to successfully serve the public. The study came to the conclusion that both the federal and state governments could address the institutional and attitudinal aspects of the problems. It suggested giving the local government the same level of autonomy as the other levels of government in order to enable it to function freely. A legislative framework should also be in place to prevent the state government from needlessly interfering in local governments' internal matters. Finally, human resources should be available to provide effective leadership and accountability in order to accomplish the goals outlined by the establishment of local governments in Nigeria.

The Niger Delta region faces a complex security crisis rooted in decades of environmental degradation and the resultant resource-driven violence. Traditional state-centric approaches to peacebuilding have largely failed to address the core problem of ecological marginalization, which pushes large segments of the marginalized youth population into militancy and illicit economies as a response to profound grievance and environmental scarcity. This paper examines a critical, though underexplored, solution: the emergence and efficacy of youth-led eco-innovation and environmental entrepreneurship as proactive mechanisms for conflict de-escalation and peace advocacy. This study argues that youth-led initiatives, such as sustainable aquaculture, waste-to-wealth enterprises and bioremediation start-ups, disrupt the conflict cycle by achieving two strategic outcomes. First, they directly counteract the environmental scarcity stress multiplier by providing legitimate, high-value livelihoods, successfully neutralizing the economic desperation that fuels participation in oil bunkering and pipeline sabotage. Second, by creating tangible economic assets and demonstrating local capacity for ecological stewardship, these ventures transform young people from mere victims or perpetrators into legitimate stakeholders. This elevation provides a constructive platform for peace advocacy and formalized dialogue with international oil companies (IOCs) and environmental protection agencies (EPAs), strengthening non-violent conflict resolution pathways and rebuilding a critical measure of institutional trust. The paper concludes that sustained peace in the Niger Delta requires a fundamental shift in green security governance frameworks. Governments and development partners must transition from reactive amnesty programmes to proactive, large-scale investment in and integration of youth eco-innovation. Government can effectively address the root causes of grievance and establish a foundation for long-term human and environmental security when priority is given to ecological livelihoods.