Diplomatic relations between Cameroon and Saudi Arabia dates back to a very long period of time. That is to say during the pre - colonial and colonial periods. However, real or official diplomatic relations began in 1966 with the two countries establishment or opening of diplomatic missions or consular service, with resident Ambassadors appointed to each other’s administrative or political capitals. Beginning from that period, Cameroon Saudi Arabia relations has been so beneficial on both side up till date. This study examines the role Islam and hajj in the dynamics of Cameroon - Saudi Arabia relations, which are hajj-driven and how the constant movement of pilgrims to and from Saudi Arabia intensifies the relations between the two states. Islam and Hajj remains the main issues around which Cameroon - Saudi Arabia relations revolve; Saudi Arabia happened to be one of the first states with which Cameroon established diplomatic relations in 1966. Hajj prepared the ground for a link between colonial Cameroon and emergent Saudi Arabia, meanwhile hajj holds a great potential for trade relations between the two countries culminating into enhanced economic diplomacy. This practice originated from hajj being the basis of the first diplomatic mission. The hajj has rubbed positively on the duo relations for enhanced South - South relations and is relevant to the global concern for terrorism, peace and security. The study demonstrates how the role of Islam and hajj in Cameroon - Saudi Arabia relations can opens a new vista in South - South relations. It shows how cultural events involving two or more states can draw them closer diplomatically.

Child, Early and Forced marriages have been common practices among many ethnic groups in the world. However, marriage is regarded as a moment of celebration and milestone in adult life. Sadly, the practice of force and early marriages gives no such cause for celebration especially when the groom and most especially the bride are compelled to get married without their consent. This has been the case with most of the Muslim Communities in Cameroon. The phenomenon of forced and child or early marriages have being so rampant among the Muslim communities in Pre and Post Independent Cameroon. Most Muslim parents in Cameroon hide behind Muslim or Sharia law as pretext for sending their girls children to married early. In the three Northern Regions of Cameroon as well as the other Regions down South, the Western Region and the Anglophone Regions, where there is high concentration of Muslims, force and child or early marriages are still being practice, despite the sensitization done by government, NGOs and some foreign partners against those practices. This has constantly ragged or retarded the socio-economic development of the girl child in particular and the Muslim Community in Cameroon at large. The analyses employed critical discourse analysis (CDA) framework. Data gathered both from the primary and secondary sources were analyzed through the chronological, descriptive and analytical methods. Based on the sources used, we arrived at the conclusion that most victims of forced and child or early marriages in the Muslim Communities in Cameroon are victims of customs and not Muslim or Islamic law. It is now left on the government and Muslim authorities to do a lot of sensitizations and carry out, why not repressive measures to make sure that the phenomenon of forced and child or early marriages among the Muslim Communities came to an end.

The floral diversity contributes to invaluable ecosystem services and habitat values in a rich forested area. The Hirikatu Oya sub-watershed in the southwestern central mountain area of Sri Lanka is also one of the important forested areas with many recent challenges. This study aims to examine current changes in floral species in the Hirikatu Oya sub-watershed from the year 2000 to 2022. For the study, primary data were collected from a field survey of 25 stratified purposive sample sites (20 m × 20 m plots), along with 30 questionnaire surveys and 14 interviews. Primary-level findings were blended with secondary data sources. A mixed-methods strategy was employed to analyze the data. The study area is home to a diverse range of plant species, including woody, medicinal, tree species as well as, endemic and invasive plant species. Notably, the study revealed that 7 invasive plant species are available, while 4 plant species are already extinct and about 14% of tree species and 50% of vines are threatened. The outcome of the study highlights the need for effective management strategies and continuous efforts need to be made to strengthen management techniques, enforce relevant rules, encourage community involvement, and implement targeted initiatives for the sustainability of the forested area in the Hirikatu Oya sub-watershed in Sri Lanka.

This study explores the historical roots and cultural significance of Female Genital Mutilation (FGM) in ancient Egyptian civilization and its persistence in modern times. It examines how ancient cultural practices were transmitted and adapted across generations, influencing contemporary societal norms. It should be noted that cultural exchanges play a significant role in shaping attitudes towards Female Genital mutilation. Cultural exchange facilitates the sharing of experiences, promotes understanding, and fosters a sense of community actions. The transfer of ancient traditions, including Female Genital Mutilation, through trade, exchange of cultures and many others, is complex. Historically, trade routes and cultural exchanges, spread ideas and practices. This paper highlights the complex interplay between cultural heritages, how cultural exchanges influence the transmission of FGM from communities to communities beyond Egypt, Egyptian life and the mode of transmission.

The utilization of technology-enhanced learning (TEL) has proven to enhance the learning experience for learners by increasing learner engagement and learning outcomes in many countries including Kenya. Despite the benefits of TEL resources in teaching and the government's effort to avail the necessary TEL resources, there is still low uptake of TEL by history and government teachers. The purpose of this study therefore was to assess teachers’ experiences on the integration of technology-enhanced learning in teaching history and government in national schools in Western region Kenya. The study used a mixed concurrent method approach and adopted Pragmatism as the ideal paradigm. Cross-sectional Research Survey design was employed. Purposive sampling was used to select 8 national schools, the target population was 43 form four teachers of history and government and used the Krejcie and Morgan table to arrive at a sample size of 40 teachers who were selected using stratified random sampling. Research instruments included questionnaires, document analysis, and observation schedules. Quantitative data was analyzed through descriptive statistics such as frequencies, percentages and standard deviations and presented through tables and pie charts. Qualitative data was organized into themes, thematically analyzed and presented through narration. The study established that gender 28(70%), age 21(52.5%), highest level of education 29(72.5%), basic training in technology 33(82.5%), level of training in basic technological skills 27(67.5%), and technological training program attended by teachers 23(57.5%) influenced their attitude towards the integration of TEL resources in teaching history and government. This study recommends that there is need for school management in consultation with parents to set aside funds to train teachers on technological skills.

There are clear reasons why gender equality is a key component of the SDGs, and science education also has a bigger influence on achieving the goals. Hence, this study assessed SDG 4 (Gender equality) in senior secondary school science students’ enrolment in Zamfara State. Ex post facto descriptive research was employed, and data was collected from 32 senior secondary schools (male schools = 16 and female schools = 16) through pro forma. The instrument was reliable since it was used to collect data from the existing record. The data collected were analysed using time series plots and charts. The result of findings shows that the trend of male students’ enrolment in science decreases from 2015 to 2024, while that of female counterparts first increases, then decreases in 2021 till 2024. However, there is a gap between the male and female students’ enrolment, which is in favour of male students. The gap decreases between 2015 and 2020 and increases again between 2021 and 2024. This has a serious implication on attaining SDG 4 (Gender equality). Therefore, among other things, the researchers recommended that the state government ought to promote the enrolment of female students in science disciplines to address the disparity in enrolment between male and female students, thereby aligning with the objectives of the Sustainable Development Goals.

This paper analyzes the interpersonal meaning of different modal values in TED speeches from the perspective of the interpersonal function of Halliday’s Systemic Functional Grammar, using a self-built corpus method with 30 TED speech texts as English data. In English, modal values are mainly expressed through modal auxiliaries. By using the Antconc tool, this study finds that low modal values are used most frequently, followed by medium modal values, and high modal values are used least. This research expands the application of modal values in speech texts, helps speakers dynamically adjust modal values according to topic characteristics, balances authoritative guidance and audience autonomy, and provides insights for optimizing speech communication strategies and enhancing persuasiveness.

Introduction: Raising and providing adequate facilities to the specially-abled children along with autism spectrum disorder is a very stressful and overwhelming task for their parents and caregivers. Most of the caregivers and parents of such children reported distress and hardships in caregiving because these children showed numerous difficulties. The difficulties and issues faced by the caregivers and parents in rearing children with autism is the principal focus of the present study. The current research study also highlighted the social support enhanced mental well-being of the caregivers. Children with autism experience innumerable problems related to their activities and behaviors. So, because of these problems, their caregivers face a lot of challenges in their normal day-to-day living and caregiving. Therefore, in these situations, social support is very crucial for them and it also enhances optimism in them to overcome their stress and also handle various issues related to caregiving efficiently and confidently. Objectives: The present research study intends to understand the role of perceived social support in facilitating optimism among the caregivers of children with autism, and also explore the relationship between perceived social support and optimism that may enhance the overall health and well-being of the caregivers of an autistic child. Method: Samples of sixty caregivers of children with autism spectrum disorder were taken for this study, using purposive sampling techniques. Life Orientation Test-Revised (LOT-R) for measuring optimism and Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MPSS) was administered to measure perceived social support were employed. Pearson Product Moment Correlation Coefficient and Regression Analysis were used to analyze the results. Results: Positive and significant relationship was found between overall perceived social support and optimism, and perceived social support also facilitated optimism among the caregivers of children diagnosed with an autism spectrum disorder.

The study assesses the variation in depth along the main channel of Otamiri River, in Rivers state, Nigeria. Quasi-experimental (field survey) research design was adopted for the study, as it involves observation on the morphometry parameters of the tributaries of Otamiri river. Primary data were collected through tape, ranging pole, float, and Stopwatch, while drainage maps and topographic map become secondary sources of data. The sample frame for this study is total length of all tributaries of Otamiri-river basin, in the study area. The total length of the tributary streams is 320 kilometers, the data were collected at interval 1 kilometre since total length is 320 kilometres, then 320 divide by 1, therefore the sample frame is 320 Sampling Station. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used in testing the various conjectural statements at 5% level of significance for acceptance or otherwise. Findings revealed that, there is variation in a significant variation in the depth along the main channel of the Otamiri river basin in the Southern Nigeria. From the findings, it was inferred that geomorphic and morphometric variations exist both with the main trunk of the Otamiri river as well as the major tributaries. These variations could be a function of temporal variation in the input factors as well as process modifications along the river channel and its basin area. Thus, the researcher recommends, adequate and periodic channelization through dredging of the downstream River channel as to improve channel capacity in order to reduce the menace of flooding that causes displacement of settlement and other human meaningful activities within the area concerned.

This article revisits Souvenirs d’autrefois (1916) by Martin Jérôme, a little-known memoir written by a Métis politician and public servant in early twentieth-century Manitoba, Canada. Far from a nostalgic recollection, the text is analyzed here as a civic intervention, a political, cultural, and linguistic act that anticipates contemporary debates on multilingual coexistence and linguistic justice. To interpret Jérôme’s work, the article introduces the concept of relational bilingualism, a framework that foregrounds language as a lived, asymmetrical, and historically embedded practice shaped by memory, place, and affect. Unlike institutional models based on legal symmetry, relational bilingualism emerges through negotiation, vulnerability, and community transmission. Through close reading and historical contextualization, the article positions Jérôme alongside other contemporaries such as Lionel Groulx, Donatien Frémont, Adrien-Gabriel Morice, and A.-H. de Trémaudan, mapping the intellectual and ideological field of francophone Western Canada. The final sections explore the enduring relevance of Jérôme’s vision for present-day debates on official bilingualism, digital archives, education, and Métis media. Manitoba, often seen as peripheral, appears here as a microcosm of global struggles around memory, reconciliation, and linguistic pluralism. Comparative perspectives from postcolonial contexts such as Algeria, Lebanon, or New Zealand help frame Jérôme’s narrative as part of a broader inquiry into how minoritized communities sustain language and identity in multilingual societies. By tracing the entanglements of language, land, and memory, this article argues that Jérôme’s bilingual modernity is not only historically significant, but theoretically generative: it offers a grammar of relational belonging that resonates beyond Canada’s borders.