Linguistics is an interdisciplinary field that draws on insights from psychology, sociology, anthropology, computer science, philosophy, and other fields. It seeks to understand how language is acquired, how it changes over time, how it varies across cultures and regions, and how it is used in different contexts and for different purposes. The publication of The Study of Language in 2022 by George Yule who was an American linguist aroused a world-wide interest among scientists, especially linguists. This article concentrates on the reviews based on the book The Study of Language written by George Yule.

When ASHAs were introduced in NRHM in 2005, their primary aim was to visit homes of newborns as the first program in UP operated through the ASHAs was the Comprehensive Child Survival Program in 2008. Since then, tracking of all deliveries and all the newborns are an integral part of the work of ASHAs in all the primary health care programs operated by the NHM in UP (GOI, 2005, GOUP, 2013). The current article examines the role, work & approach of ASHAs through the feedback of the program managers at district & state level. Evaluation studies on the performance of ASHAs was done since 2011 as by then ASHAs had actually worked in the field for a minimum period of 5 years. It is to be noted that National Rural Health Mission was rolled out in April 2005 but it took about one to two years for the states to hire ASHAs and put things in place right from the state to the village level (GOUP, 2013). In this article, a comprehensive feedback is elicited from the program managers of newborn care program at the district & state level. The current study explores some of the crucial variables on the performance of ASHAs through the feedback of program mangers on the role of ASHAs in newborn & child health programs followed by their role in Home Based Newborn Care program. The article also includes the feedback of the program mangers on the work & approach of ASHAs. That’s how the perception of the program managers in the state of UP is included in this article. The program managers responded about the performance of ASHAs based upon their experience in the work by ASHAs on Janani Surakhya Yojana (JSY), New Born Care (NBC) & Routine Immunization (RI) as these are the frontline programs for the states. They were purposefully selected as respondents as they were the nodal persons for rolling out newborn care related programs. The relevance of the study assumes significance as data on the details of the program awareness of managers on child health & newborn are not included in many surveys. Further, feedback details on the health personnel’s performance is usually not collected from the nodal officers looking after the programs at district & state level. Such responses that collect feedback on the work & approach of ASHAs including the awareness of the program managers are not the focus in very large-scale health surveys. Such feedback on work & approach of ASHAs including the opinion & knowledge of program managers about the current implemented programs come under the ambit of social audits. The audits gain more teeth when the feedback is solicited from the people who manage the programs (GOI, 2016). It is important to note that social audit is an integral part of the National Health Mission document but it is not a priority activity of NHM. Usually, the responses, knowledge of trained health personnel are assessed in many studies while neglecting the response & perception of the program managers of the public health system. Here in this article, the managers talk about their own knowledge about the current programs, give feedback on the work & approach of ASHAs including the performance of ASHAs in the child health & newborn care programs. All these are trapped in 5 case studies of 5 stakeholders in 4 districts and one at state level. Here also it is seen that usually in social audits, the trained health personnel become the respondents as part of evaluation of their timely actions in many other studies. The uniqueness of the current study is that those who manage the programs are the respondents through their case studies. These managers become the pivot around which the contents of the current article revolve. A total of four districts of Uttar Pradesh were selected purposively for the study and the data collection was conducted among the program managers where one manager was purposefully selected in the respective districts & one at the state with the help of a pre-tested structured interview guide with only open-ended questions. These in-depth interview guide collected descriptive details as responded by managers. The qualitative data were conducted amongst the managers and a total of 5 respondents participated in the study through 5 case studies. The results reflected that among the operational programs, it was surprising to note that none of the policy makers in the four districts mentioned about the Facility Based Newborn Care programs. The state level manager gave the details about the child health & newborn care programs but hinted that Home-Based Newborn Care (HBNC) was recently at the forefront because of the emphasis on setting up Kangaroo Mother Care (KMC) centers at selected public health facilities. The knowledge of policy makers about the role of ASHAs in the roll out of newborn related program was poor across all the districts except the state level. Further, it was imperative that the management of program related information was not at all the priority of the program managers. ...............

This study was carried out to assess conflict and its management in Ekiti State University, Ado Ekiti, Ekiti state, Nigeria. It examined the causes of conflict in the institution in Ekiti State University, Ado-Ekiti. These were with the view to assessing causes of conflicts and its management in tertiary institutions. Primary and secondary data were used to evaluate the causes and consequences of conflict on the institution. The primary data were collected through administration of copies of questionnaire while Secondary data were obtained through textbooks, journals, internet document and official publications. Two hundred and three (203) copies of questionnaire were randomly distributed to the respondents which represented 10% of the total population, while one hundred and eighty-six (186) were retrieved and analysed (representing 91.6%). The data collected from the questionnaire were analysed descriptively using frequency distribution and standard deviation. This study revealed that communication gap (85.4%), late payment of remunerations (93.5%) and poor availability of facilities and equipment in the institution (84.9%) are the major factors responsible for conflicts between staff and management in the institution. The study concluded that conflict management had been ineffective in Ekiti State University, Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria.

The coming to power of the Taliban in Afghanistan in August 15, 2021, changed the social and economic situation in the country. First of all, the changes concerned the rights of women, regarding which new rules are being established. As a result, Afghanistan lost its twenty-year achievements in the field of democracy, human rights, especially women's rights. The main aim of this article is to give full description to the situation of women rights in Afghanistan and give some recommendations on their improvements according to the foreign practice. The scientific significance of the article lies in the fact that the authors tried to give a scientific analysis of the situation with women's rights in Afghanistan, made a comparative analysis with women's rights in other Muslim countries to highlight Taliban Misconceptions of Islamic rules and gave specific recommendations. In this article, the authors used systematic analysis method, historical method, as well as comparative analysis method. In this research, on one hand authors discussed the situation of Afghan Women in the current Taliban’s government, Taliban's decrees regarding women, and the clear violation of the most basic human rights of women. On the other hand, they discussed on Islamic laws, the legal status of women in some Islamic countries. The authors hope, this article, which contains exact recommendations has great practical importance to provide a model that can be useful and effective for the future of Afghan Women.

There is a paucity of empirical research on emerging Science, Technology, and Innovation (STI) communication in Nigeria, and the impact on national development. This study sought answers to: what are the perceptions of emerging STI among Nigerian citizens and academics, and to what extent do emerging STIs contribute to national development? Based on the science-technology-society theory, the study conducted a survey of 2400 Nigerians in 12 states and an interview of select STI experts in 12 Nigerian universities. The study focused on synthetic biology, nanoscience and technology, robotics and artificial intelligence, drones, etc. The findings showed that a greater majority of the respondents perceived agricultural drones as the most necessary emerging STI in Nigeria while neuroparasitology was seen as the least necessary to the country’s development. Respondents also agreed that emerging STI had the more impact on ICTs and the least on security, economy and the environment. Also, large segment of respondents perceived that the new/ mass media were the predominant sources of emerging STI information. Also, STI experts perceived emerging STIs to be in their infancy in Nigeria, communication of STIs was concentrated within the scientific community, and collaboration was lacking between the STI community and other stakeholders.