Libraries are competing with all the departments in their universities for resource allocation, even as universities continue to experience reduction of funding from the government every year. In addition, many public university libraries in Kenya lack strategic plans to offer direction as they are said to be difficult to develop, expensive exercise for the organizations and time consuming. The purpose of the study was to investigate the existence of strategic plans in public university libraries in Kenya. The study used descriptive survey research design and mixed method approach. The study population comprised 277 participants drawn from public universities in Kenya. A sample of 134 respondents was picked. Simple random sampling was used to select 124 library staff while purposive sampling was used to select 10 respondents comprising Deputy Vice Chancellors and Finance Officers. Questionnaires and interview schedules were used to collect data. The findings revealed that most university libraries do not have strategic plans. They rely on those of their parent institutions. It was established that official emails and meetings were the most used channels of informing staff and stakeholders about the existence of strategic plans in their institutions. The study will be significant in establishing models for strategic planning in pubic university libraries in the country.

Digital media is an important means of effecting change and development within societies in general and considers the strong link between the various interactions that can arise between members of these societies. Media is a concept with multiple meanings and goals, as it deals with studying, downloading and describing the treatment of various social, political, economic, and environmental, health and other phenomena that govern the process of steady development that the world is witnessing in various fields. Digital media in particular - in the modern era - plays important and influential roles in the lives of individuals and societies, as it is entrusted with the responsibility to shed light on the various initiatives and plans that are proposed related to cognitive and behavioral awareness processes that in turn lead to the development of society in general. This study sheds light on digital media technology’s role in achieving sustainable development in the Arab world. Nowadays, digital media has become a vital element, which helps governments and organizations direct their messages to their audiences and create the desired social development and change. Moreover, the study clarifies that many Arab countries still suffer from poverty, illiteracy, backwardness, and environmental issues despite the massive progress of the sustainable development movement in the Arab world right after (RIO)'s declaration. Besides, the study defines the limitations that mostly hinder sustainable development programs. The study also determines the most critical requirements for achieving sustainable development in the Arab world within the digital media framework.

The purpose of this paper on “Al Shabaab and its Violent Extremism in Kenya” aimed at exploring the dynamics of al Shabaab in Somalia as it affected Kenya. This descriptive research adopted judgmental sampling technique and relied mostly on secondary source (books, journal articles, monographs, internet materials etc) of data collection which were sourced in Nigerian libraries, subjected to content validity before analyzing qualitatively. Results of the findings revealed that the spillover of al Shabaab’s violent extremism to Kenya was caused by porous borders as well as local forces such as historic marginalization, propaganda technique and the presence of al Hijrah sect in Kenya. Al Shabaab has impacted negatively on Kenya’s security, diplomacy, economy as well as humanitarian services. Kenya has responded through the creation of Operation Linda Nchi and Operation Usalama Watch while United States, Africa Union Mission in Somalia, United Nations and European Union also assisted in fighting the dreaded sect according to findings. The contribution of these findings to the explanation of Rosenau’s linkage theory is excellent thereby deepening the understanding of its basic assumptions. Regrettably, Al Shabaab is still a potential threat to Kenya and the entire Horn of Africa, therefore, the paper recommends inclusive dialogue, national integration and constructive engagement as panacea for al Shabaab violent extremism.

This article concern on the progress of regional autonomy which existed in Indonesia during pre-colonial, colonial, independence and post-independence periods up to the present. This article is divided into four parts, namely clear description from the background of regional autonomy in Indonesia, a historical review from local autonomy in Indonesia and it's essential likewise to the Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia and its regional autonomy progress according to the rules applied. The regional autonomy system in Indonesia is an essential matter, weighing up that Indonesia is a unitary state that has a large-scale and geographical area, so that it requires the implementation of regional autonomy system that capable to become an extension from central government to ruled their respective territories according to regulations applied.

Nation-building is a developmental process of constructing or re-structuring a national identity using the state power which aimed at the unification of the people within the state so that it remains politically stable and viable in the long run. Nigeria and many other African countries have consistently and persistently pursued the ideal nation building and development plan designed to integrate the citizenry both at home and in diaspora as a means of fostering unity and all round development. Nigeria as a nation, continues to develop integral policies and framework for short, medium and long term development plans of nation-building with conscious efforts to ensure peace, prosperity and security of lives and property. Against this backdrop, this review paper examined the role(s) of political elites, the academia and the collective struggle in the overall project of building the nation called Nigeria. This paper focuses on the need to ensure peace in Nigeria through conscious nation building programmes of successive administrations in Nigeria. Information were sourced from books and journal articles, and was content analyzed in relation to the scope of the paper. The paper concludes that without peace and effective leadership provision, no nation-building is achievable. The paper concluded by admonishing the government at the centre to development policies and implement programmes that would cater for all ethnic groups and her citizenry.

This paper aims at examining the theme “River Basin as a geomorphic units and Environmental Challenges associated with its development in Nigeria”. It also examined the environmental problems associated with harnessing their resource potentials in Nigeria. The paper also highlighted a brief history of river basins development in Nigeria, as well as their importance as a geomorphic planning unit. It also attempted a general overview of the problems associated with the development of this unique geomorphic unit. The paper thus advances some deliberate and aggressive environmental management strategies that can provide sustainable environmental management solutions. These strategies can mitigate and ameliorate the challenges associated with its development for the present generation and for posterity, with a view to ensuring a healthy environmental sustainability plan is achieved.

The research with the title development of pesantren tahfidz to support Indonesia gold in 2045 aims to develop some aspects of pesantren tahfidz, there are eight priority aspects than used as clusters, namely: organization, leadership, curriculum, teacher, student, financing, networking and information and technology, then there are twenty three sub-aspects used sub-clusters, namely: organizational culture, organizational structure, regeneration, charismatic, collective, authoritarian, integrated, curriculum 2013, mu'adalah curriculum, competence, qualification, literacy, character, intelligent, religious, tolerant, charity pesantren resources, donations from external parties, trust building, potential development, e-learning, e-tools, e-library. This study uses a qualitative method, by conducting observations, interviews and literature review. Then the findings are processed using the Analytic Network and Process method with super decision software. The results of this study are the pesantren tahfidz model that can support Indonesia gold in 2045 based on the priority value (1) organizational cluster with organizational culture sub-cluster is the most dominant aspect with an average value of 17%. (2) the leadership cluster becomes the second aspect with a collective leadership sub-cluster with a score of 11% (3) on the third priority, namely the development of human resources, especially teachers from the aspect of teacher literacy with a value 9%.