This study examined the role of English instruction on students' willingness to communicate (WTC) in Oman's English foreign language (EFL) context. WTC in a second language (L2) is a multi-faceted construct that integrates psychological, linguistic, and communicative variables to describe, explain, and predict students' communicative behaviour in an L2. This quantitative study employed a survey to assess L2 WTC key variables of informants from Year 1 (116) and Year 4 (88) English major students in higher education. A t-test analysis revealed that Year 4 students had higher WTC in English than Year 1 students, and they also had less communication anxiety than Year 1 students. Conversely, Year 1 students had higher self-perceived communication competence and tended to communicate more frequently than Year 4 students. They also tended to be more motivated than Year 4 students and had higher positive attitudes toward their learning situation, English- speaking community, and interest in foreign language learning. Surprisingly, the data revealed no significant differences in all those variables between Year 1 and Year 4 students.

The work of Christian missionaries in penetrating Africa with the Gospel was expanded as natives responded to the call of God in evangelising the continent. The native agents, through their sweat, blood, and tears immensely contributed to the rooting of Christianity in Africa communities. The contributions of these unsung heroes and heroines deserve attention in contemporary African scholarship. In church growth, charismatic leadership is a cardinal factor as everything rises and falls on the leader. This study traced the emergence of charismatic movements in the Anglican Church in Urhobo of Western Delta (Ijaw) of Niger Delta region, Nigeria. It adopted the participant observation and historical methods; and data were drawn from primary and secondary sources. The paper applied the Craven’s theory of domestication of Christianity which is based on the hypothesis that Christianity could best be expressed in a cultural framework and championed by Africans. This could be done by appreciating the cultural elements for enhanced acceptance and expansion of the Christian mission. Charismatic seed was sown in the area by Bishop James Johnson who organised the Anglican churches in 1901. Between 1929 and 1984, the church witnessed the activities of three charismatic movements namely; Ishoshi Erhi (Spirit movement), Anglican Adam Preaching Society, and Anglican Fasting and Prayer Society. The dynamic response of the church leadership to these movements positioned Anglican churches in Urhobo for growth and relevance to the people. The paper recommended unbiased interaction between church leadership and charismatic movements as to harness the various gifting of members for development of the Church of God.

Within the changing environment local community tried their best to reduce climate extremes vulnerability by implementing different adaptive practices. Hence, the aim of this study was to examine the vulnerability of smallholder farmers to climate variability namely, flood and drought in South Ari district. To gather reliable data, five kebeles were selected from the district using simple random sampling technique. 363 household heads were selected using a systematic sampling method from the five selected kebeles. Besides, primary data was collected from focused group discussions, key informants, and field observations. The linear trend analysis showed an increasing trend of rainfall and temperature in the study site. Integrated vulnerability analysis approach result showed that the three Weyina dega sub-agro ecology zones of the district are vulnerable to climate variability in different ways. Farmland enclosure with trees and growing two different crops on the same plot of farmland at the same season are the new adaptive practices implemented by the local community to reduce soil erosion. The chi-square test result shows that age, level of education, income diversity, number of contacts with developmental agents and access to climate information have a significant relation with the adaptation practices implementation in the study site.

Pakistan’s strategic significance in the maritime sphere has been at the center of debate. Particularly with the on- going development “Port of Gwadar” and how it may crop a new profitable armature in the region and encyclopedically. Still, the broader significance lies in the 21st Century Maritime Silk Road (MSR) action by China that includes Port of Gwadar under China Pak Economic Corridor (CPEC), aiming to strengthen indigenous connectivity. In turn this study shows logical and descriptive approach for assessing theoretical substantiation to measure challenges to maritime security and how it may be affected by current challenges in the swell. Further, fabrics under transnational relations; regionalism, constructivism and critical security studies approach support the core argument “Challenges to maritime security of Pakistan”. The major finding of this study is apparent through collaborative security and how effective it has been in eradicating crimes in the swell. The major recrimination of this paper is to view challenges to maritime security as a coherent approach towards security and cooperation.