The major objective of this study is to identify the nature of political participation of different groups in a multicultural communal context. The study was carried out based in the Ampara District in the eastern province of Sri Lanka. The Ampara district has been a multicultural space from the formation of the district in 1961 and has been influential in electoral politics in ethnic context. This study has incorporated both primary and secondary data collected from different sources. The collected data has been descriptively analyzed. The study has found that ‘patron-client relationship’ of the political culture working as a mobilizing initiator for electoral turnout among the three major ethnic groups in the district. However, establishment of the distinctive political party for their own, Muslims of the coastal area of the district marked a major departure point of the community’s pattern of political participation. This development was a reaction to intense ethnic conflict between two major constituent ethnic groups of the country, i.e. Sinhalese and Tamils. The study has also found that there is a different pattern of political participation between the traditional inhabitant Sinhalese and the settlers in colonization schemes in the district. The traditional villagers show less interest in electoral politics while Sinhalese in the colonies have been very active. This is a shared feature of both Muslims and Sinhalese living in the colonies. On the other hand, the Tamils living in the area tends to amend to the political orders of the Tamils political elite based in Colombo and Jaffna. They tended to isolate themselves from other political parties. The study concludes that until Sri Lanka find a lasting political solution to the ethnic issue, segregation and fragmentation in multi-cultural context remains the pattern of electoral politics and building an overall Sri Lankan identity is next to impossible.

The COVID-19 pandemic has spread to almost all countries in the world, including Indonesia. Particularly in Indonesia, the COVID-19 pandemic has several impacts, not only on public health but also on lifestyles as a result of various policies from the authorities that apply to handling COVID-19, such as in the fields of economy, social, politics, education, to psychological. Some suggestions that are needed regarding the legal basis for implementing Work From Home (WFH) are as follows: (a) There is still a need for a new integrated policy between the central government and the regions that specifically regulates Work From Home (WFH); (b) The importance of regulating the rights and obligations of parties such as workers, employers, and related institutions in regulating Work From Home (WFH); (c) The importance of involving parties such as workers, employers, and related institutions in regulating Work From Home (WFH) so that the regulations are made more targeted.

The reinforcement of decentralisation in Cameroon through the enactment of the three laws on the orientation of decentralisation in 2004, and the general code of regional and local authorities promulgated in 2019 are instruments geared at augmenting citizen’s participation in local development. Despite this enabling legal environment, maximum participation in local development of Bamenda is still a far fetch. In-depth documentation was done to grasp data and information used for analyses and results. Some 1202 questionnaires were distributed to people in Bamenda from all works of life. Semi-structured and open interviews were addressed to key and resource stake holders in the area of study. Results from field findings show that only 55% of Bamenda inhabitants are aware of projects realised in the locality, just 29.5 % contribute financially, 25.5% contribute labour wise, and 10 % participate by offering material. Field investigation also revealed that the local population is excluded from follow-up and evaluation of developmental projects. This article makes recommendations to sensitise and mobilise the local population in view of up-lifting citizen’s participation in local development.

Main Street written by Sinclair Lewis is rich in meaning and with high value. The existing research ranges from realism, modernism, and narrative techniques. However, the research on Main Street from the perspective of new criticism is limited to irony, which is only a part of the new criticism and is not sufficient and in-depth. Moreover, generally speaking, researching results are few. This paper tries to apply a new critical analysis of Main Street, including four dimensions-tradition and individual, structure and muscle, polysemy and non-generative - to explain innovational spirit. First, Main Street under the rebellious spirit has modernism and originality, which ensures the author's distinctive characteristics. Second, this paper explores the tension beauty of characters under the theme of rebellious spirit through quantitative analysis, due to its vividness, simplicity, universality and rationality. The plot tensions verify in case of structure and muscle, but literature features in both literariness and accuracy. Third, the ambiguity reflects the way in which tension presents, which is an indispensable part of literature. Fourth, innovational spirit gradually verifies from invisibility to visibility through character and rural culture, whose process is non-generative.