This Article deals with the issue of independence struggle in Africa. Our goal is to show how African freedom-fighters struggled against the colonial system in Africa for independence reasons. Despite the independence they got, they are always confronting the negative impacts of that struggle, not only in political fields but also in economic and social ones. So, from 1960 to the present day, African nationalists are confronting arrestations, imprisonments, accusations, tortures, murders, coups d’états, and so on. Through socio historical approach, we have noticed that the colonial system is always gaining ground in Africa through some strategies.

Over fifty years after his assassination, there still hovers over Nigeria, a picture that leaves within the horizon the impression that the regime of the first Military Head of State in Nigeria was boring and unproductive. Similarly, there is a seemingly maliciously propagated impression that the Supreme Military Council under General Ironsi had no clear-cut agenda and policy for the economically disarticulated Nigeria in 1966. Contrary to these, researches have revealed that General Ironsi’s regime laid a good foundation for not only the peaceful coexistence of Nigerians, but also for the economic, political and diplomatic progress of the country. Using mostly primary and secondary sources of historical data, this study undertakes a post-mortem assessment of General Ironsi’s contributions to nation building efforts and concludes that, if properly followed, General Ironsi’s policies and achievements in the political and economic sectors in Nigeria were to serve as stimulants, as well as springboards for successive military and democratic leaders in Nigeria. Unfortunately, the obvious culture of discontinuation of policies by successive African leaders exerted ugly consequences on Nigerian citizens whose socio-political conditions became worse than it was between January and July 1966. The General’s sincere effort to create an integrated and unified nation laid the foundation for other laudable political, economic and diplomatic reforms of the regime and in turn, created a background for understanding the propitious implications of the recent call for a restructured Nigeria.

Background: To investigate the effect of physical activity and sports on the academic performance of higher education students in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia during the academic years 2017/2018 and 2018/2019. Methods: A 15-item internet-based survey was distributed among students - both members and non-members of Jeddah Runners Club (JRC) - studying in public and private universities in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. The survey collected participants’ information such as demographic details, important habits, sport and physical activities, and GPA scores. Responses reached a total of (N=425) male %87.3 (N= 371) and female %12.7 (N=54) and the data was analyzed using IBM SPSS. Results: Results show that there is a significant negative linear relationship between the time students spend doing no physical activity and their GPA scores (β = -0.28, P<0.05). However, there is a statistically significant positive linear relationship between GPA scores and the time spent in sports or physical activity (β = 0.12, P<0.05). Similarly, the time students spend in sports or physical activity in their colleges also positively affects their academic performance (β = 0.10, P<0.05). Ultimately, the more time spent in doing sports or physical activity in or outside their colleges, the better they achieve in their academic performance. Conclusion: The more time spent in physical activity or sports in or outside colleges, the better academic performance will be. Public physical activities and sports are highly welcomed by the Saudi community. Saudi women have shown an increasing interest in doing public physical activities and sports.