Water is one of the most important natural resources, as it is linked to numerous aspects from production of energy to agriculture, forestation, economic growth and livelihood, etc. South Asia is increasingly approaching water scarcity, which has resulted into the legacy of geo-political debates and consequences of intra and interstate interactions. Distribution of surface water has caused water shortage; to the downstream areas, for which many regions within South Asia has become water-stressed leading to verge of conflict between nations. Conflicts over water are on the rise in all forms. Due to vast natural resources, South Asian countries are highly gifted. It's a well-endowed location with good farmland, forests, animals, and access to fresh water. This article examines potential approaches to address and resolve these water distribution and conflicts as it has erupted in several regions of South Asian countries.

This paper deals with the identification of Portuguese pre-colonial and colonial diplomatic agents who initiated and effectively implementedthe mechanisms and tools of 3Es for 400 years in Angola from 1575 to 1975. The study briefly presented two main actors countries of Central Africa and Western Europe, Monarchical figuresand Republican Presidents as holders of appointed diplomatic field agents in their different ranks and portfolios. The scrutiny of specialized sources, related scientific materials, different types of reports pertaining to these Portuguese agents in Angola and other institutional documents facilitate us to use a historical analytical approach with evidences drawn from variety of sources. The interpretation of evidence and findings shows that African history is frequently studied with some negligence with much lacking to disclose those European agents who strongly defended their countries by cheating Africans human and natural resources.The awareness of the above can likely opens new research avenues in the 21st Century. Our findings shows that within the period of the study, there were a total of 158 Portuguese official agents with 102 pre-colonial agents between 1575 and 1885 and 56 colonial agents from 1886 to 1975.Finally, about 23 elected or appointed Portuguese saved as President and Head of State during the colonial era spanning from 1910 to 1975.Comparatively to negligence of other European exploiters, the Portuguese at least tried to develop Angola. Therefore, this study is limited to the above as a means of building a historiography of 3Es agents which are often lacking in history books.

The reliability of information in the global information space is one of the important problems of globalization. The credibility of various information resources is currently being studied and considered in different ways. In some cases, the problem of the reliability of information can be assessed as harmful and dangerous. The article aims to raise the problem, discuss it and encourage discussion of various ideas and models related to its scientific solutions. Especially in the event of a conflict of interest, the user is forced to take the right position. In some cases, a "conflict of interest" can present the consumer with a dilemma. Such cases are more common on social networks. The consumer of information also participates in this information space as a distributor of information. In some cases, because the reliability of the information is "questionable", the distributor becomes the distributor of disinformation. We will also have to deal with such cases more and more as the mass of "disinformation products" in the global information space increases. It can be assumed that as a result of systematic discussions, new approaches to the problem of conflicts of interest may emerge, which can contribute to “accelerating progress”. In this regard, the idea that libraries are a reliable source of information, primarily on global networks, is supported and recommended. The abundance of information and the dynamics of its growth, the problem of the reliability of information products and attempts to manipulate the growing information products show that the problem of information reliability will remain relevant in the next 10-20 years. We believe that the current focus on "library and information" resources in the field of information reliability may be the right choice in this direction, and this may partially solve the problem of information reliability.

Prior to British involvement in the affairs of the geographical area that later became Nigeria, the peoples had interacted through trade, marriage, and cultural exchanges. Thus, there already existed shared values and attitudes which were not broken by colonialism. These pre-colonial common connections were cast into the dustbin of politics, and ethnicity was invoked by the inheritors and successors of British colonialism. In contemporary Nigeria, competitions for economic and political resources have assumed virulently ethnic and regional dimensions which have ignored the enduring legacies of harmonious inter-group relations that existed prior to British colonialism. This paper, therefore, attempted to interrogate those factors that served to foster harmonious and peaceful coexistence among the various ethnic groups that later came to constitute Nigeria after the 1914 amalgamation. In so doing, it adopted the qualitative research methodology which basically involved reliance mainly on such secondary sources as books, journals, and other documentary materials. It concluded that Nigeria’s search for national integration should not ignore the history of inter-ethnic and inter-group relations in the period before contacts with Europe. By internalising the factors that brought the different groups together before 1914, Nigerians would have learnt from the past in order not to bungle the present and jeopardise the future.

This study investigates the diachronic developments of 2749 instances of shang in historical texts from Chinese corpora. We use Tyler and Evans (2003)’s Principled Polysemy Model to test the various senses associated with shang. It has been shown that there are close relations between the semantic change and polysemy of Chinese spatial word shang in which new meanings of shang occurred based on existing meanings and both old and newer meanings can coexist for a long period of time. Our research also displays how spatial concepts are coded linguistically by Chinese speakers based on various mechanisms including conceptual metaphor, invited inference, constructional change, causative morphology and word-class shift. By displaying the way shang ‘above’ evolved throughout the history of written Chinese to result in the current polysemy network, this study contributes to studies on semantic change in Chinese and reveals why we use spatial words as the way we do.

The 2020 report of the Global Terrorism Index ranks Nigeria third among 163 countries on the scale of key global security trends and patterns of terrorism. This paper examines the impact of terrorism, banditry and kidnapping on human security in Nigeria. The paper posits that Nigeria continues to experience increasing insecurity and violence through frequent attacks by terrorist, bandits and kidnappers. These criminals continue to attack, rape and kill unarmed civilians, especially women, across the country, which has impacted negatively on human security in Nigeria. The paper then gives the primary purpose of government, which is to protect lives and property, our ranking on the global terrorism index 2020, the conceptual clarifications of human security, terrorism, banditry and kidnapping; factors that are responsible for such social ills and their impact on Nigeria and Nigerians. The documentary research method was used in gathering and analyzing data for this work. The paper asserts that between terrorists, bandits, and kidnappers, there is very little differences as one set of activities apparently service the other. The paper concludes that the indices that point to national security in which human security is the chief has been challenged seriously by terrorism, banditry and kidnapping.