Driven by the dual forces of the digital economy and the rural revitalization strategy, China's agricultural live-stream e-commerce has become the core engine for reconfiguring the agricultural value chain. This article takes the tilapia industry in Maoming City, Guangdong Province as the research object. By analyzing its "live-streaming + industry" integration model, it reveals how the digitalized scenario reconstruction promotes the transformation of characteristic agricultural products from traditional sales to branding and globalization. The research finds that the Maoming tilapia industry achieved an average annual output value growth of 21% from 2020 to 2024 and an export volume exceeding 300 million US dollars in 2024 through three innovative strategies: "dual-scenario linked live-streaming", "full-chain data monitoring", and "geographical indication brand building". The research proposes a "technology-scenario-ecology" tripartite development framework, providing a Chinese solution for the digital transformation of the global tropical aquaculture industry.

This paper continues our earlier work on tariff policies and international trade but introduces new theoretical and empirical concepts into the analysis. This version 2.0 is a continuation of the development in the first paper (covering 2018–2024) and concentrates particularly on the three forces that are changing global trade today: geopolitical fragmentation, the development of climate-driven trade instruments, and the increasing push toward digital sovereignty. Increases in tariffs have detrimental effects on exports and imports, and developing economies are especially impacted, which suffer most due to structural weaknesses that hinder their ability to absorb shocks. More importantly, competitiveness and resilience are no longer dependent on tariffs alone. Climate regulations and digital restrictions are becoming significant impediments to trade and are already beginning to determine which nations and firms remain competitive and can best weather disruptions. Resilience against disruptions can be achieved by strengthening regional trade relationships and investing in robust digital infrastructure, although, as crises are converging and escalating and not occurring in isolation, governments are actively restructuring global supply chains to seek friend-shoring and strategic independence.

The BRICS nations Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa remain a formidable force in global politics in the 21st century. This article discusses the way that BRICS challenges the Western-dominated Liberal International Order (LIO), not only economically but also politically, providing alternative perspectives on how the world should be governed. The article does not consider BRICS as an economic bloc but rather its joint effort to reform international norms, institutions, and power relations. This paper is based on previous studies that emphasized a more multipolar and inclusive vision of global justice by BRICS, but this paper concentrates on BRICS’ engagement with Western powers. It argues that the rise of BRICS has revealed and solidified the weaknesses that the LIO already has, including institutional strain, norm conflicts, and changing global alignments. This paper reviews conflicting ideas of sovereignty, development, and governance through political economy, IR theory, and empirical evidence. It concludes that the new global order will not simply redistribute power but will develop by the continued negotiation, selective reform of the old institutions, and the rise of the Global South.

This paper reviews the theoretical and empirical literature on the relationship between institutions and long-run economic growth, with particular emphasis on sub-national variation in India. Drawing on Old and New Institutional Economics, institutions are conceptualized as path-dependent formal rules and informal norms that shape incentives, reduce transaction costs, and condition economic performance. Using a systematic narrative approach, the review synthesizes foundational theoretical contributions, cross-country empirical evidence, and state-level studies from India. While global evidence consistently associates institutional quality particularly property rights, political accountability, and state capacity with long-run growth, national-level analyses often obscure substantial internal heterogeneity. The Indian experience illustrates this limitation: despite a common constitutional framework, states exhibit wide variation in governance capacity and growth outcomes. The review highlights that institutional effectiveness depends not only on formal structures but also on enforcement capacity, administrative capability, and adaptability. It underscores the importance of historically informed, sub-national institutional analysis for understanding growth outcomes in federal and developing-country contexts.