The agriculture sector in India has spent the last few decades primarily focusing on expanding agricultural output and enhancing food security. This approach included the following steps: first is, enhancing production through the use of high-quality seeds, agricultural chemicals, fertilizers, and irrigation. Second is, providing subsidies for farm inputs and paying fair prices for crops. Third is, Public investments in agriculture, and last is institutions that facilitate trade. Mid through the 1960s, the nation experienced a food shortage. In India, the green revolution overcome the path to address the food crisis that had persisted for the previous fifty years. India's population increased by 2.55 times while production of food increased by 3.7 times, which has made India a self-sufficient country in the food industry and able to export the net food to other countries. The strategy had no impact on the rise of farmers' income and had no provisions for their welfare. Several studies demonstrate that an increase in output should increase a farmer's income, but this was not always true. The Government of India (GoI) has announced in the union budget to double the income of farmers by 2022. Various grass root institutions are existing in India such as self-help groups, farmer's groups, farmer's interest groups, cooperatives, common interest groups, and Farmer Producer Organization (FPO). The GOI has suggested FPO as a tool, In order to mobilize the farmers and bring them under one umbrella to achieve the goal and double the farmers' income. Farmer Producer Organizations offer small and marginal farmers institutional support, assure a stable income for their agricultural output, and ultimately improve their standard of living. The main objective of this paper is to examine the structure of farmers' income in the country and how Farmer producer organizations empower the farmer's income to assess the possibility of enhancing the farmers’ income and discuss the FPO's tools for increasing the farmers’ incomes. The study is based on secondary data and the study is primarily exploratory. This paper addresses the issue of farmers' income and FPOs. This paper is based on 70th and 77th round NSSO Situation Assessment Surveys. The data pertains to the years 2012 and 2018-19. The information was gathered from different secondary sources, such as data on policies and other government sources, including NGOs, National and international management journals, and online sources are included. The study concludes that although boosting farmers' real earnings in six years is a challenging challenge, it may not be entirely unachievable if appropriate techniques are used. The study finds that increases over five to six years in nominal terms are already occurring. The instruments should be multifaceted and focus on increasing returns, lowering costs, and creating sustainable incomes while taking into account the dwindling natural resource base. For tracking the development, we should periodically have access to trustworthy income statistics. The income described in this paper is the gross cost of production. It can be concluded that FPOs form a core part of the strategy to sustain the life of small and marginal farmers out of poverty and enhance their income and competitiveness in agricultural markets. The expected result of this effort is to provide a single window for farmers to increase their income from farm produce through direct marketing and to gain collective bargaining power. So, the purpose of this study is to illustrate how smallholder farmers might raise their income through FPOs, which may help the farmers in doubling their income and empower them.

Domestic consumption as the driver of economic growth in any country influences productive activities, employment, and macroeconomic policy decisions. The literature concentrated mostly on income and the interest rate as the determinants of domestic consumption with the recent addition of changes in the real exchange rate and its volatility as critical factors influencing consumption decisions, as countries are becoming open to the global market. However, with the current external debt crisis in Sub-Saharan African countries, this study examined the impact of external debt and exchange rate volatility on domestic consumption in Sub-Saharan Africa in both the short run and long run; sampling twelve Sub-Saharan African countries for the period of 1990–2021. The study utilized a pooled mean group (PMG) estimator of dynamic heterogeneous panel technique and generated exchange rate volatility using generalized autoregressive conditional heteroscedasticity (GARCH). Our study discovered that while external debt service has a huge negative impact on domestic consumption in the long run, the external debt stock has a long-run positive and significant impact on domestic consumption. Moreover, the exchange rate in Sub-Sahara Africa is persistently volatile and its volatility has both positive and negative impacts on domestic consumption. Our study suggests that external debt may be used to stimulate domestic consumption if it is channeled into infrastructure development and productive activities with high yields to service and liquidate the debt while stabilizing the exchange rate.

West Asian region is viewed as the most significant region from a variety of perspectives. The area has long served as a strategically important, commercially significant, politically active, and culturally sensitive focus of international affairs. Thus present study will try to examine the comparative analysis between India’s trade relations with the World with special focus on GCC & Non-GCC countries of West Asian region since 1991. The paper comprises the nations of Bahrain, Iran, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Israel, Lebanon, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates (U.A.E.), Yemen, Egypt, etc. Additionally, the study seeks to identify areas of convergence in India's exports within the region, shedding light on the intricate economic interdependencies that have shaped India's relationship with West Asian countries. By doing so, it aims to provide insights into strategic alignments, economic synergies, and potential growth avenues. Understanding these convergence points is crucial for formulating informed policies and strategies that align with India's broader economic and geopolitical objectives.

This research aims to examine the influence of local revenue and general allocation funds on the human development index. This research uses a quantitative approach with a simple regression analysis method. This research uses samples in the form of districts/cities in East Java Province. The type of data used in this research is secondary data. The secondary data used comes from the Directorate General of Financial Balance and the Central Statistics Agency. The period of this research is 2019 to 2021. The results of this research show that there is an influence between local original income and general allocation funds on the human development index.