Rural health care system is closely related with the economic growth through boosting human capital accumulation that can be able to alleviate poverty. To what extent rural health care would manage and confront with covid-19 situation in the District of Nadia under West Bengal is the central area of this article. Both the public and private medical facilities had been faced with the situation of pandemic with poor infrastructure of rural health care systems through sub-divisional hospitals, PHC, CHC, HSC and other health care units in Nadia where both success stories and failures were simultaneously evident. The state government along with NRHM must attempt to upgrade and modernize the rural health care units spending higher health expenditure and recruiting more health professionals with doctors to fight against covid-19 type of pandemic and other emergencies.

This paper examines the relationship between Takaful, micro Takaful and reduction of poverty and undernourishement. Our analysis is based on a theoretical study aimed to know if Takaful is a good solution to the poverty and undernourishment problems in Islamic economy or a simple component of islamic assurance.Our study shows that Takaful is an effective solution to the problem of poverty in islamic economy in the long term, Takaful have an important role to reducing poverty risks, Without protection against losses and natural risks or protection of their persons, their life, their property and their health, many people find themselves regularly falling back into poverty which is not only prejudicial to them but also renders development assistance ineffective in the long term. Also Takaful is a good solution to reduce undernourishement in islamic economy.

MSME entrepreneurs in running a business are likely to face risks, so that the expected results are not appropriate and the business suffers big losses and even goes bankrupt. MSME entrepreneurs who choose to stick to this commitment are the beginning, which is called the phenomenon of commitment escalation. The method used in this research is qualitative method. The qualitative method was chosen because the research will explore human behavior (that is, why MSME entrepreneurs maintain the experience of experiencing losses), and find motives that are committed to conducting in-depth interviews. The results showed that the increase in MSME commitment was due to several factors such as personal responsibility in the initial business, excessive trust supported by extensive experience, self-esteem (avoiding being considered incompetent) and to protect reputation.

The main objective of this study is to examine the impact of export diversification on economic growth in Nigeria. Annual time series data on GDP per capita, Theil export diversification index, gross fixed capital formation (for domestic investment), exchange rate and openness of the economy were the variables collected for the analysis for the period 1980-2017. Dummy variable for democracy was also constructed to test for the impact of governance on economic growth in Nigeria. To estimate the data, Autoregressive Distributed lag model, applying bounds test was adopted. The empirical results show that export diversification has positive but insignificant impact on economic growth in Nigeria both in the short run and long run. Similarly, domestic investment has positive impact on economic growth both in the short run and long run. However, its impact is significant only in the short run. Exchange rate has negative impact on economic growth in the short run but its impact in the long run is positive, showing instability in the exchange rate movements in Nigeria. Openness of the economy has negative impact on economic growth both in the short run and long run. However, its impact is significant only in the long run. Democracy dummy has positive but insignificant impact on economic growth both in the e short run and long run. Based on the findings,, it is recommended that the earnings from the oil sector should be channeled to the development of non-oil sectors such as agriculture and manufacturing in order to diversify the export base of the economy.

The middle income trap is a spectre looming up in front of countries who have performed well to rise up to middle income level from the lower income level, and are hoping for a quick admission to upper income echelons. Unfortunately, the trap seems unavoidable for many middle income nations, as seen poignantly in the case of Argentina and even Brazil. This paper tries to pinpoint the performance parameters that distinguish countries such as Malaysia and Chile who have been successful in avoiding getting mired in the trap – and may be now even viewing it nonchalantly as just a mirage appearing during the development process. The parameters identified as probable positive forces include the pillars of the Global Competitive Index, in addition to the usual suspects appearing in economic growth theory and estimations. Estimation of coefficients was carried by cross-country regressions using a sample of seventy upper and lower income nations. ICT adaptation, innovative capabilities, health standards, and openness as represented by FDI and export ratios to GDP were identified as parameters identified as important in closing the per capita income gap towards high income nations.