This study presents the information and conclusions about numerous tests – destructive and non-destructive – on concrete core specimens. The main focus is made on basic tests namely density test, water absorption test, rebound hammer test, ultrasonic pulse velocity test, and compression test. All test aim to provide us a comprehensive and sufficient data for assessing the „quality‟ and „strength‟ of concrete core specimens. The details all the necessary and essential points commencing from the preparation of core specimens, as per various nationally and internationally accepted design codes for concretes, ranging from procedures of tests, leading to final conclusions and findings of core strength and quality and their correlations. Comparative study of block concrete pavements and in-situ concrete pavements are briefly made and their strengths and quality are assessed. Basic requirements for ideal core dimensions are also explained. Also, two specimen cores from PCCBP (Plastic Cell filled Concrete Block Pavement) were tested for density test and water absorption test. Their inferences are also mentioned in conclusion section of the study.

The land use change has generally occurred locally, regionally and world wide over the last few decades and will carry on in the future as well the land use change has to be evaluated properly using conventional as well as latest techniques of Remaote sensing and Geographical Information System (GIS) . In order to obtain reliable and latest information on the temporal , spatial and structural change in forest cover and to appreciate the relationship between the current development and its likely impact on land cover / land use and total environment of the region. The variations in the attribution of total area into various specific land cover / use classes have been studied. Satellite images required for estimating land cover are being obtained from earth explorer. The conventional LULC (land use land cover ) map of the study area are obtained by classifying the images of year 2000, 2005,2011 and 2017 using ERDAS IMAGIN 9.2 and Arc GIS. We have devided our area into five different classes i.e. urban, water, agriculture, forest and barren land. Results obtained by analyzing the images shows a drastic increase of built up area, agriculture area and barren land followed by decrease forest area and water area.

Management of PPP project preparation process according to WEF (2013) is quite complex because it involves large team and multiple stakeholders such as ministries, regulatory organs and regulations, engineering firms, banks as well as multiple interfaces between different project functional feasibility studies. It is therefore very important at this stage to put together capable and experienced crossfunctional project team supported by committed political and project leadership in order to achieve a sustainable PPP project preparation process. The main feature of a PPP project preparation process includes; project planning, project coordination and project monitoring. This process according to Adamu et al. (2015) can be cost intensive, therefore the public sector needs to ensure sufficient upfront funding of the entire process. This study is aimed at assessing the effectiveness of road project preparation process in the development of road infrastructure under PPP concession. In order to achieve this aim, the study examined the concept of PPP models for infrastructure development and project preparation process in a PPP framework. Data collection was through administration of well-structured questionnaire on the target population. Data collected were analysed using both descriptive and inferential statistic analytical techniques. The study revealed that there is urgent need to review the current Nigeria National Policy on PPP, institutional structure and individual capacity building in the area of PPP project preparation in order to encourage more private sector participation in the drive for provision and development of road infrastructure facility.

Fabrication high performance reverse osmosis (RO) membrane at low cost is necessary in desalination industry. In this paper, we report the use of clay nanoparticles (NPs) to improve RO thin film composite (TFC) membrane. Different concentrations of NPs were embedded into polyamide (PA) active layer of TFC membrane through interfacial polymerization (IP). Results indicated that the membrane impregnated with clay NPs exhibited higher water flux and fouling resistant than the pristine one, and maintained good salt rejection.

The presented study represents the different uses of strain gauge in civil infrastructure. The strain is used to measure load, deformation, resistance and strain at a specific point with strain gauge equipment. This is an experimental procedure used to measure strain by strain gauge equipment. It is more useful in now days to measure loads and deformation. Tremendous techniques and methods are there to measure strain. A gauge is also to prevent for tensile test application. It is most unique technique for beam structure of railway sleepers it carries research at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (UIUC).It is most innovative to measure cracks at specific point of structural assesment .it is use to measure `invented by Edward.E.Simmons and Arthur c. Ruge IN 1938 .The most common type of strain gauge consists foil pattern. Strain gauge is capable to measure load cantilever load. This gives the determination of the strain and stress state , and the effect of transverse effect on strain along the fibre. Sheath fold strain gauge as used to measure the strain. A novel long-gauge fiber optic sensor has been developed to measure the averaged strain within a long gauge length. A steel frame is designed to measure the existing pre stressing force in the concrete beams and slabs when embedded inside the concrete members. Strain gauge method to identify structural strain flexibility from long-gauge dynamic strain measurement.

The presented study represents the results of an experimental study handled with developed grouting materials. These experimental studies cover the effects of some mineral Admixtures and chemical admixtures on the characteristics of grout such as compressive strength, bleeding, setting time and viscosity for different curing times. All grout types were prepared under same water/cement ratio. Grout mixtures that 15% of mineral admixtures replaced with cement by weight were prepared. The results showed that grouts produced with silica fume (SF) and metakaolin (MK) in all mixtures were yielded the highest compressive strength at all ages. The all strength tests of fly ash (FA) grout exhibited low values till 28 days of curing time in accordance with reference grout, but a sharp increase was observed after this period. Grouts with perlite (PRL) and blast furnace slag (BFS) showed the similar strength values according to reference grout. Mineral admixtures can be used for high-strength and low cost grout in tunneling applications. In addition, the use of waste materials can contribute to the resolution of environmental problems. Compressive strength obtained by the grout prepared by using styrene butadiene rubber was found 23.644 N/mm2 and 34.793 N/mm2 for 7 and 14 of curing period where compressive strength obtained by the grout prepared by using fly ash was found 20.444 N/mm2 and 31.827 N/mm2 for 7 and 14 days of curing period.