Field reports by Veterinarians indicate that Isometamidium Chloride used in the treatment of trypanosomosis is not efficacious. This study was designed to determine the efficacy of 2% of this drug in the treatment of single and mixed infections of T. Congoense and T. brucei in Red Sokoto Bucks. Twenty four (24) Red Sokoto Bucks, 8 months - 1 year old were randomly selected and divided into four groups viz (I, II, III, and IV) of six each. These were used to investigate the relapse of infections of single and mixed trypanosome parasites. Group 1 served as un-infected control; Group II and III were inoculated with 2 ml of 1 x 106 Trypanosoma brucei and T. congolense respectively while Group IV were inoculated with 2 ml of 1x106 parasites each of T. congolense and T. brucei . Animals in the infected groups were treated on day 14 post patency with Isometamidium Chloride at the dose rate of 0.5 mg/kg IM. The Bucks were monitored pre-infection, post-infection and post treatment daily for rectal temperature, weekly body weight, PCV, WBC, total proteins and clinical signs. There was aparasitaemia 12hours after treatment. Relapse of the parasites were observed in all infected and treated group of Bucks two weeks post treatment. A buck died in Group II, three goats died in Group III while all goats died in Group IV. Isometamidium Chloride was observed to be efficacious against T. brucei and T. congolense 12 hours after treatment and this was maintained for two weeks when there was a relapse of the parasite. The need for further studies to determine the reason for the relapse is imperative and may necessitate a repeat of treatment two weeks later.

Biochemical responses of Red Sokoto bucks experimentally infected with Trypanosomes were studied. Twenty four bucks were divided into 4 groups of 6 animals each (I, II, III, and IV). Group 1 served as the uninfected control group, Group II and III were inoculated with 2 ml of 1 x106 Trypanosoma brucei and T. congolense respectively while Group IV were inoculated with 2 ml of 1x106 parasites each of T. congolense and T. brucei. The bucks in all the infected groups were treated on day 14 post patency with Isometamidium Chloride (2%) at the dose rate of 0.5 mg/kg IM. Serum enzymes (Aspartate amino transferase, Alanine amino transferase, Alanine amino phosphate) were all elevated. Urea and potassium levels were increased, while the levels of Na+, Cl- and HCO3 were decreased. The elevated biochemical parameters were more pronounced during the infection and relapse phases in the entire infected group. This study concludes that during trypanosome infection phases, serum enzyme; urea and potassium were elevated while Na+, Cl- and HCO3 ions were decreased.

Hormonal imbalance in postmenopausal women makes them susceptible to various menopausal symptoms and hormonal replacement therapy (HRT) is the treatment option for them. However, various concerns are involved with this therapy due to increased risk of pulmonary embolism, stroke, coronary heart disease, and even cancer. Especially long term use of single or multiple hormones at the same time appears to be more associated with unwanted disorders. However, few of the reports say that hormonal therapy with estrogens protect women against breast cancer. While there exist wide range of studies to address this issue, genetic profile of the patient are also important prior to HRT. Certain gene profile women are more or less susceptible to cancer risk. In this review we will discuss about various genetic factors related to this issue.

Drug delivery platforms have the potential to improve patient adherence, reduce side effects, increase efficacy for treatment of ocular diseases. Recent efforts in ocular drug delivery have been made to improve the bioavailability and precorneal residence through topical application. The potential use of polymeric micro and nanoparticles as drug carriers has led to the development of many advanced colloidal delivery vehicles. Drug loaded polymeric systems offer several favorable biological properties, such as biodegradability, nontoxicity, biocompatibility and mucoadhesive characteristics. These polymeric systems are amenable for targeted drug delivery, leading to decrease in dose, dosing frequency and thus lowering systemic toxicity. This review discusses the recent advances in polymeric micro and nanoparticles and their therapeutic significances in the field of ocular drug delivery.