Hypertension, diabetes mellitus and obesity play a crucial role in mediating ill-health, and are commonly seen in postmenopausal women. The objective of this study was to explore the possibility that a person’s risk of developing hypertension, diabetes or obesity can be influenced by their ABO blood type, Rhesus factor or both, among postmenopausal females. This cross-sectional study covered randomly selected 201 postmenopausal women, mean age 53.5±6.6 (±SD) years, from Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria. Blood glucose, blood pressure and body mass index measurements and ABO/Rhesus blood groups of all the participants were determined and correlated for each other. Analysis of the data revealed that in the ABO/rhesus blood system, the prevalence of hypertension , diabetes mellitus and obesity was 43.3%, 38.8% and 13.9%, which 14.4% versus 13.2%, 13.9% versus 13.2%, and 5.0% versus 4.0% are associated with O versus B rhesus positive blood groups respectively and are invariably higher than other blood groups. Data analysis further revealed a complex and positive association thus: hypertension comorbidly occurred with diabetes (21.5%), overweight (20.9%), normoglyceamic (18.9%), normal body weight (13.0%), obesity (9.4%) and prediabetes (2.9%) respectively. Additionally, diabetes combined with overweight (20.4%), prehypertension (12.6%), obesity (9.4%), normal body weight (9.0%) and normotension (4.7%). More so, obesity coexisted with prediabetes (4.5%) and/or prehypertension (4.5%). Correlation analysis revealed that the incidence and prevalence of hypertension, diabetes or obesity risk for blood group O subjects are in the order of the ratio 1:1 compared with subjects having B blood group.

Ketosis-prone diabetes (KPD) is a heterogeneous syndrome characterized by patients who present with diabetic ketoacidosis or unprovoked ketosis but do not necessarily have the typical phenotype of autoimmune type 1 diabetes. In this case report, we expose the difficulties in the diagnosis aetiology of A- β- ketosis-prone diabetes (KPD) in a 22-year-old North-African woman presenting with diabetic ketoacidosis. Her initial glycaemia was at 17.2 mmol/L and glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) was moderately increased at 7.6% with no clinical evidence of other precipitating illnesses or stressful events. Her baseline and glucagon-stimulated serum C-peptide levels were below the detection limit at the time of admission. All anti-pancreatic antibodies were negative and pancreatic imaging was normal. Direct sequencing of HNF1A, HNF4A, INS, IPF1, NEUROD1 and PAX4 genes were performed and showed three mutations in HNF1A (I27L), NEUROD1 (A45T) and PAX4 (H321P). HLA typing showed the genotype DQB1*03- DRB1*11/DQB1*03-DRB1*13. Based on that data, type 1A diabetes mellitus (DM) could be excluded. However, criteria of fulminant type 1 DM are mostly filled but difficult to be confirmed and the MODY (Maturity Onset diabetes of the young) hypothesis could not be ruled out as other genes may be involved. Our observation highlights the difficulties of understanding the aetiology of A- β- KPD with sudden-onset although clinical, imaging, immunologic and genetic data are available.

Features of Type A are common among physicians and may be related to the experience of stress. We aimed to assess the prevalence of features of Type A and the level of declared vs. objectively measured stress among young, healthy men and women studying medicine. 130 healthy female (age: 23±2; BMI: 20.9±2.4 kg/m2) and 71 male (age: 22±2 years; BMI: 24.3±3.3 kg/m2) medicine students completed the Polish versions of: the Framingham Type A Scale, The Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10) and the Sense of Stress Questionnaire (SSQ, with 3 subscales assessing: emotional tension, external stress and internal stress). Moreover, we measured the level of cortisol (the ‘stress’ hormone) in saliva. Results in both questionnaires assessing perceived stress did not correlate with the level of cortisol (both p>0.05). In both genders, features of Type A were positively related to the perceived stress (PSS-10: accordingly, r=0.6 and r=0.5; SSQ: r=0.6 and r=0.6; all p<0,001), but not with the level of cortisol (p>0.05). Development of the pattern of behavior called Type A personality-behaviour might be related to the conviction of experiencing stress rather than to its actual level measured objectively. Such observation could be valuable for physicians who experience extremely high level of stress during their work.

Hypertension recognized as silent killer, has strong relationship with hormones secreted by endocrine glands. Present study was carried out to access the level of estradiol and testosterone in male and female cardiovascular hypertensive patients and to affirm their relation with hypertension. Serum samples of Cardiovascular hypertensive patients were tested for the level of estradiol and testosterone. Male and female cardiovascular patients were recruited for this study who were having treatment in District Head Quarter hospital. Estradiol level was significantly higher (61.38pg/ml; P=0.000) in post-menopausal hypertensive females, while normal concentration (51.01pg/ml; P=0.351) was observed in ovulating hypertensive females. In cardiovascular hypertensive males elevated estradiol level (51.545pg/ml; P=0.004) was found. Level of testosterone was higher (4.509ng/ml; P=0.000) in post-menopausal hypertensive females. Testosterone level was also raised significantly (4ng/ml; P=0.000) in hypertensive females that were in ovulating phase. We observed low level of testosterone (P=0.020) in cardiovascular hypertensive males. The level of the reproductive hormones was not normal range in females and males cardiovascular hypertensive patients. Level of the testosterone was lower in males suffering from hypertension while raised in female hypertensive patients that can lead towards problems in their marital life.

Aims the study was to reveal the morphological changes of cells of human palatine tonsils (PT), atypical cells and trichomonas in PT of patients in diverse diseases. Cytological material of PT of 1300 patients (male, female, aged 13 - 85) has been examined. Specimens of PT's cells were obtained by scraping from PT and placed as smears onto microscopic slides, stained by Giemsa and observed by a light microscopy (patent No. 2 293 298 C2, Russian Federation, 2007). 280 patients had malignant solid tumours of different localization, 19 patients had leukemia, 30 were practically healthy, the rest had different infections and inflammation diseases. Trichomonas were revealed from PT of male patients with iron deficiency anemia (1), remote melanoma (2), leukemia (3), lung cancer (2), trichomonas vaginalis (1) and practically healthy men (30). These patients did not suspect they were infected by trichomonas. No any trichomonas were obtained from health patients. These data support the idea that the test should be made in the following cases: (1) Patients in trichomoniasis and in other sexual infections. (2) Patients in neoplasm. (3) Patients in anemia. (4) Patients in pulmonary diseases. (5) Patients-perverted. The test can help to diagnosis and adequate treatment of trichomoniasis and other diseases.

Drug addiction also called substance use disorder is a major preventable cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Pulwama district of Jammu and Kashmir State is not an exception. The aim of the present study is to know the awareness of drug addiction among people of Pulwama district of Kashmir valley. 400 persons 200 male and 200 female selected at random from different areas of district Pulwama were asked questions regarding the age at which people start to use drug, their drug habits, their reason for drug etc. The results obtained in our study presents a horrifying picture and a threat for the entire society if the menace is not controlled.

Low back pain affects a large proportion of athletes. The purpose of this study was to perform a comprehensive review of literature regarding prevalence of low back pain, treatment, and rehabilitation with a specific exercise programme. With the information gathered a rehabilitation programme will be proposed with emphasis on specific exercises and progressions that can be used to help guide rehabilitative clinicians in their treatment and rehabilitation of the athlete with low back pain. A search of electronic databases was performed including; Pub Med, Medline, and Google Scholar. Key Words used: Spondylolysis, Lumbar stabilization, core stabilization, low back pain, athletes, exercise, and any combination of these words. Based on the search of electronic databases their does appear to be some efficacy of exercise programme established in the athletes with low back pain. However, at this time does not appear to be superior to other exercise interventions. The most effective prevention strategy seems to be exercise, specifically trunk stretching and strengthening exercises. It is not the intent of this study to create an all-encompassing approach to treating every athlete, but to give some insight into the best strategies and progressions to receive the best outcomes possible. However, further high quality studies, isolating specific primary interventions need to be completed in an attempt to reduce the burden of low back pain in athletes.