Background: Breast cancer with advanced stages at a young age is a significant new challenge in Sudan. The purpose of this study was to determine the most common presentations of breast cancer patients in western Sudan. Methodology: For this retrospective descriptive investigation, materials for 183 breast cancer patients were obtained from two histopathology centers (Kordofan histopathology center and El-Obeid International Hospital). A full coverage sample was collected, spanning from January 2019 to May 2024. All data pertaining to the patient's essential identifying, clinical, and histological data were gathered. Results: This study looked at 183 breast cancer patients (177 (96.7%) women and 6 (3.3%) men). Their ages ranged from 20 to 90, with a mean ± standard deviation of 50.78 ± 13.6 years. The majority of participants were aged 41-50 years, followed by ≥61 and 51-60 years, with 50/183 (27%), 43 (23%), and 35 (19%), respectively. For clinical appearance, the most common skin change was unremarkable, followed by ulcerated skin change, which accounted for 127/183 (69%) and 48 (26%) respectively. Conclusion: Breast cancer with advanced stages upon presentation is common in Sudan. The majority of patients presented at a younger age and had distinct initial manifestations.

Background: Pesticide ubiquity and extensive applications have attendant public health implications. This study examines the immediate and prolonged inhalation toxicity of various commonly used insecticides in male Wistar rats. Methods: 192 male Wistar rats were utilized and kept in regular housing. The study was carried out in three stages: a preliminary test, an acute test, and a sub-acute. Wistar rats, housed in an improvised chamber, were exposed to varying doses of insecticides in each phase to assess their toxicities to insecticides. For comparativeness, we withdrew 57 of the rats from exposure to ascertain possible recovery. The study included monitoring behavioral changes, recording mortality rates, and conducting necropsies to evaluate organ pathology. Dose-response relationships were analyzed to determine lethal doses (LD50) and potential sublethal effects. Results: Overall, we found a dose-related increase in the severity of the response, which potentially indicates an alteration of a specific biochemical process. The range-finding test assessed the effects of DD Force, Sniper, Industrial Camphor, Edible Camphor, Kerosene, and combined pesticides. It revealed significant physiological impacts followed by mortalities at specific dosage levels. Subsequent acute toxicity testing determined LC50 values for each insecticide. Rats showed a dose-dependent health deterioration following sub-acute exposure, particularly in the combined pesticide group, indicating synergistic toxicity. Conclusion: Exposure to the combined pesticide at high doses was associated with severe toxicities in the tested rats. This evidence suggests that commonly used pesticides could potentiate adverse health outcomes when results are extrapolated in humans.

Antinuclear antibodies (ANA) are significant biomarkers that are used to detect and classify autoimmune connective tissue disorders more efficiently. This paper provides a thorough overview of all the ANA profiling procedures, their testing advancements, clinical significance, and future directions. This study aimed to analyze the ANA profiles along with the prevalence of specific antibodies in patients presumed to have been diagnosed with autoimmune disorders in an Eastern Indian tertiary care hospital. The results were correlated with demographic data to conclude. ANA profiles of 48 patients from Peerless Hospitex Hospital, Kolkata were evaluated between January 24 to June 15, 2024. Out of them, 13 patients (27%) had positive ANA profiles. The most prevalent autoantibodies detected were SS-A and SS-B, which occurred in 7 patients (53.85%), followed by PM-Scl in 4 patients (30.77%). The study demonstrates how the ANA profile varies among different age groups, with the highest prevalence of 6 patients (46.15%) seen in the 60–75 age range. The clinical symptoms of diseases like autoimmune hepatitis, polymyositis, dermatomyositis, PSS (progressive systemic sclerosis), SLE (Systemic Lupus Erythematosus), and Sjogren's syndrome align with the ANA profile findings. This study offers insights into the distribution of autoantibodies targeting antigens present in ANA profiles, using clinical samples collected from a 550-bed tertiary care hospital in Eastern India. The findings underscore the need for comprehensive diagnostic approaches to autoimmune disorders.

Herbal based hair dyes are being preferred on large scale; due to vast number of advantages it exerts to overcome the ill effects of a chemical based hair dye. We have attempted to prepare and standardize this preparation to ensure its quality as well as stability aspects. The current research was aimed at the preparation of herbal hair dye and the evaluation of its various parameters as organoleptic, physico-chemical, phytoconstituents, rheological aspects, patch test and stability testing for its efficacy and shelf life. Loss of colour in hair is due to varied reasons like genetic influence, effect of environmental factors of alcoholic preparations etc. Graying of hair is a natural phenomenon attributable to ageing and frequent use of synthetic shampoos which has encouraged application of synthetic dye with the increase in the usage of hazardous chemicals in the process of manufacturing. The main aim of the formulation and evaluation of herbal hair dye is to minimize the side effects of synthetic and semi synthetic hair dye.

Background: H. pylori is a micro-aerophilic, a gram-negative, spiral shaped pathogenic bacterium that specifically colonizes on the gastric epithelium and it is one of the most common human bacterial pathogens in wide world. Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus is known as non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder characterized by chronic hyperglycemia associated with disturbances of the various metabolisms, in particular lipid, carbohydrate and protein. Materials and Methods: In this study, we aimed to determine the profile of lipid markers in T2DM and non-diabetics patients during Helicobacter pylori infection. We carried out a descriptive cross-sectional study over a period from June to November, 2021. Ninety patients were selected divided into two groups, each subdivided into two subgroups. 44 type two diabetes of mellitus patients and 46 non-diabetic patients were included. Result: In ninety patients, the average age of diabetic patients was 51 ± 11 years old. The average age of non-diabetic patients was 40±15 years old. Out of 90 patients in our study population, we had a predominance of women compared to men and infected women represented 76.47% and men 23.52% of the overall population. H. pylori infection was more common in diabetics compared to non-diabetics. In this current study we have observed the disturbance of the lipid profile to variable degrees in diabetics and non-diabetic patients whose H.pylori infection was positive with p-values less than 0.005. The univariate correlation between H.pylori infection and lipid markers showed that H. pylori were associated with abnormalities including cholesterol LDL, cholesterol HDL and triglycerides in our study population. Conclusion: According to Our study H.pylori infection was linked with disturbances of lipid markers and the univariate showed that the H. pylori was susceptible to increase and to fall down lipid profile.