The aim of the study was to formulate herbal soap for the treatment acne and dry skin and statistical optimization of herbal ingredients by 22 factorial design approach. Totally six soap were developed with varying concentration of herbals for preliminary trial. The prepared products are evaluated for pH, foam stability, antimicrobial activities, foam height, moisture content, foam retention time, percentage free alkali, alcohol insoluble content, washing capability etc were also measured. The best preliminary trial soap formulation (F 6) was subjected for optimization by 22 factorial design approach. The study result suggest increasing the concentration of neem extract exhibit improved antibacterial activity. When the concentration of SLS increased, increases foam retention time. The In conclusion the optimized formulation (R4) suitable for effective treatment of acne and dry skin.

The primary dentition is essential in the maintenance of normal occlusion in the permanent dentition. Both dentitions enhance aesthetic, speech and are functional in nature. Early loss of the primary dentition necessitates the placement of space maintainers. This study determined the pattern of tooth extraction of patients attending the paediatric dental clinic in Lagos State University Teaching Hospital, Ikeja and the use of space maintainers. A retrospective study carried out using the dental records of patients who attended the Paediatric dental clinic, Lagos State University Teaching Hospital, Ikeja, Lagos. Data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software, version 20 (IBM, New York). The prevalence of tooth extraction was 49.8% among a population of 410 subjects with a total of 353 extracted teeth. The male to female ratio was 1:1.37. Majority (58.3%) of the subjects had only one tooth extracted. The commonest reason for extraction was retained primary teeth (35.8%). The commonest arch and segment of extraction was the mandible (56.1%) and the anterior teeth (51.0%). The commonest tooth extracted was upper right primary central incisor (7.6%). The most common space maintainer was band and loop. Retained teeth was the most common reason for tooth extraction followed by sequelae of dental caries, caries and trauma. This highlights the need for implementation of oral health prevention policies with regards to the use of fluoride, fissure sealants, silver diamine fluoride increased awareness of safety protocols to mitigate traumatic injuries and introduction of dental health education programs in schools and community.

Canine Cushing's syndrome, also known as hyperadrenocorticism (HAC), is one of the most prevalent endocrinopathies observed in dogs, characterized by elevated cortisol levels. The majority of cases are associated with pituitary tumors, leading to excessive production of corticotrophin (ACTH), thereby stimulating the adrenal glands to secrete cortisol. Clinical manifestations arise from the rise in cortisol concentration and encompass diabetes mellitus, polyuria, and polydipsia. Additionally, prolonged administration of glucocorticoids (iatrogenic) can also contribute to the development of Cushing's syndrome. The surplus cortisol resulting from this condition not only impacts the affected dog's health but also exerts adverse effects on various endocrine systems, leading to anestrus, infertility, premature labor, and high fetal mortality in canines. Therefore, a comprehensive understanding of these reproductive implications is essential to manage this syndrome effectively. The diagnosis of canine hyperadrenocorticism can be done by patient history, clinical signs, specific endocrine tests, and ultrasonography. Despite its significance, knowledge regarding the reproductive implications associated with Cushing's syndrome remains limited. Hence, this review aims to provide a thorough examination of the changes and challenges related to hyperadrenocorticism in canines, with a particular focus on its impact on the reproductive system. By shedding light on this aspect, the review intends to contribute valuable insights to the existing scientific literature and promote better management of this complex syndrome in dogs.

Globally, undernutrition is the single biggest contributor to disease. Undernutrition is of particular concern in young children as it can compromise their physical and intellectual development. Current study formulated and evaluation of supplementary food from tiger nut (Cyperus esculentus), date palm (Phoenix dactylifera), moringa (Moringa oleifera), groundnut (Arachis hypogaea) and milk. The formulated supplementary food were designated S1, S2 and S3. Nutritional composition, selected minerals and anti-nutritional factors were investigated using standard analytical methods of Association of Official Analytical Chemist. Data was analyzed by ANOVA and results expressed as mean and standard deviation. Result of proximate composition indicates that ash ranged from (4.0 - 7.5), moisture (2.5 - 5.5) and protein (9.3 - 15.0). The result also revealed that the formulations contain appreciable amount of all essential amino acids. Anti- nutritional factor indicate that oxalate ranged from (7.0 - 14.0) and phytate (6.5 - 7.0). Selected micro-nutrient estimated suggested that the composite blends are good sources of minerals like Zn, Ca and Fe which are of public health importance. Based on the results of this study, it can be concluded that with proper blending of local foodstuff, it is possible to prepare nutritionally adequate supplementary food.

Introduction: Oral candidiasis is a common fungal infection caused by various yeast species, including Candida albicans, Candida krusei, Candida parapsilosis, Candida tropicalis, and Candida glabrata. Clove, a well-known plant in traditional medicine, has been used as an antiseptic remedy for diverse infections, including those affecting the oral cavity induced by yeasts and bacteria. The emergence of resistance to numerous antifungal agents among Candida species necessitates exploring alternative treatments. Hence, this study aims to evaluate the antimicrobial activities of clove extract and develop a suitable pharmaceutical formulation containing clove extract for managing oral candidiasis. Method: The antimicrobial culture and sensitivity test were conducted using the agar-well diffusion assay, evaluating different concentrations of clove extract against Candida albicans. The minimum effective concentration was then formulated into a gel dosage form, and its antimicrobial activity was assessed, comparing it with miconazole oral gel. Result: The results showed that the prepared clove extract gel had antifungal effects on Candida albicans that were similar to those of the miconazole oral gel. The zone of inhibition for the clove extract gel was measured at 25 mm, while the miconazole gel showed a zone of inhibition of 27 mm. Conclusion: The results of this study show that clove extract gel may be an effective antifungal agent, especially against Candida albicans. This suggests that it may be a promising herbal alternative to conventional medicines for treating oral candidiasis.