Adverse effects of halothane on the liver range from liver dysfunction to hepatitis, and are more frequent following repeated use. Medical personals are in risk of chronic exposure of wasted halothane. However, there are limited literatures about this effect based on time exposure. To identify and analyze the liver cells changes of halothane exposure to liver cells of Balb/C mice. This experimental study used randomized post-test only control group design in 30 male BalbC mice given 0.011 mg/weight halothane 3 hours daily for two weeks (group 1), four weeks (group 2), six weeks (group 3), six weeks followed by 2 weeks of halothane free (group 4), and without exposure (control group). The liver tissues were HE stained and observed for enlarge, karyorrhexis, and karyolitic of the nucleus. Immunohistochemistry was undertaken to count the percentage of cytocrome-P450 stained brown colour and scored based on its intensity. The difference among groups and between each group were statistically significant (p< 0.05), except between group 2 and 4 (p = 0.078), and between group 3 and 4 (p = 0.522). The difference of cytocrome-P450 expression among groups was not statistically significant (p = 0.266). There was statistically significant difference of abnormal liver cell nucleus changes in groups with different time of halothane exposure (p = 0.000) while no statistically significant difference of cytocrome-P450 expressions (p = 0.266) was found. The nucleus changes were gradually increased with the time of exposure.

Biomedical waste (BMW) is generated mainly by health care establishments. The management of BMW is still infant all across the world. According to Biomedical waste management rule 2016 (amended in 2018),the health facilities need to ensure proper segregation of BMW and pre-treat the waste at the facility before disposal/handing over the equivalent to Common Bio Medical Waste Treatment Facility (CBMWTF). A detailed study on BMW status in few of the Primary Health Centres (PHC) of Guwahati was carried out. The study depicts that only 30 % of the facilities does have nodal person to monitor the BMW activities. None of the facility having coloured plastic bin/bags with biohazard symbol, designated waste route, weighing machine and centralized storage area. Collection of BMW by the CBMWTF was average twice a month.

Intersectins (INSTNs) have been defined as scaffold proteins that have several biochemical functions. Initially INSTNs are described as endocytic regulators and function in different signalling pathways including Ras and Ras-like GTPases, PI3Ks and RTKs in several diseases. Recently, INSTNs have been reported in viral endocytosis. INSTNs was found to be upregulated in transcriptomic analysis of differentially expressed protein from Dengue virus serotype four from our recent data. Hence, this review summarises the role of INSTNs in viral endocytosis by interaction with signalling pathways. INSTN-2 interact with K15 protein of Kaposi’s Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus by selective SH3 domain, INSTN-1 interaction with Epstein-Barr virus Latent Membrane Protein 2 (LMP2A), while direct interaction of NPF motifs at C-terminus of A36 with INSTN-1 and Epsin15 homology domains recruiting AP-2 and clathrin mediate viral release was reported in Vaccinia virus. Most recent, INSTN-2 was shown to regulate adaptive immune response during viral infectivity. This was discovered when mice deficient in INSTN-2 exhibited high mortality rate, impaired antibody responses to vaccination and reduced germinal centre formation in Influenza A virus. This review revealed INSTNs as essential viral endocytic proteins. The review also highlights INSTNs role in other diseases and the regulation of signalling pathways. Targeting INSTNs could be important for the development of pharmaceuticals against viruses and diseases. More study is required to establish the mechanistic role of INSTNs for viral endocytosis.

Effect of solvent, temperature, pH and time on extraction process of anti-thiamine factor present in Bergenia ciliate leaves was studied. Results showed that extraction of the leaf-extract with ethanol at 40º C for 15 minutes at pH 3.0 had maximum anti-thiamine activity in in vitro experiments.

Effect of season on in vitro anti-thiamine activity of Bergenia ciliate (B. ciliate, Family- Saxifragacae) leaves was studied. Results showed that leaves of B. ciliate of the period July – August had maximum in vitro anti thiamine effect.

Recently we have shown that Bergenia ciliate (B. ciliate, Family- Saxifragacae) leaves of the period July – August had maximum in vitro anti thiamine effect. Aim of the present work was, to isolate anti thiamine compound from the leaves of B. ciliate. From the local market B. ciliate leaves were collected during July – August and identified by the taxonomist. Solvent extraction and acid hydrolysis were done followed by solvent treatment, chromatographic experiments and crystallization. A compound was crystallized. In vitro anti thiamine activity of the isolated compound was checked by standard method. Results revealed that 100 mg of the isolated compound could inactivate 29.5 mg of thiamine hydrochloride in in vitro experiment.

Thyroid malignant nodules (TMNs) are the most common endocrine cancer and the fifth most frequently occurring type of malignancies. The etiology and pathogenesis of TMNs must be considered as multifactorial. The present study was performed to clarify the role of some chemical elements (ChEs) in the etiology of these thyroid disorders. Thyroid tissue levels of nineteen ChEs were prospectively evaluated in malignant tumor and tissue adjacent to tumor of 41 patients with TMNs. Measurements were performed using a combination of non-destructive and destructive methods: instrumental neutron activation analysis with high resolution spectrometry of short-lived radionuclides and inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry. Results of the study were additionally compared with previously obtained data for the same ChEs in “normal” thyroid tissue. It was observed that in malignant tissue the mass fractions of Al, B, Ca, Cl, Cu, K, Mg, Mn, Na, P, S, and Si were 3.14, 4.64, 1.79, 2.26, 3.55, 1.57, 1.61, 1.57, 1.24, 2.45, 1.14, and 2.81 times, respectively, higher whereas mass fraction of I was 25.6 times lower than in the normal thyroid. In the “adjacent” group mean mass fractions of Cl and I were approximately 1.6 and 1.7 times, respectively, higher, while mean values of Ba, Ca and Sr content were 55%, 45%, and 70%, respectively, lower than in the “normal” group. In tumor Ca, Cl, Cu, K, and Sr contents were approximately 2.8, 1.4, 1.8, 1.7, and 5.4 times, respectively, higher, while I content was 43 times lower than in “adjacent” group of tissue samples. It was concluded that thyroid tissue adjacent to malignant nodules kept the main function of thyroid gland, while malignantly transformed thyroid cells lost its capacity to accumulate I. It was supposed that the excessive accumulation of Cl and I by thyroid tissue probably precede the TMNs origination and development. It was also supposed that elevated levels of Al, B, Ca, Cl, Cu, K, Mg, Mn, Na, P, S, and Si, as well as drastically reduced level of me in cancerous tissue could possibly be explored for differential diagnosis of benign and malignant thyroid nodules.

Human T cell Lymphotrophic Virus (HTLV-I/II) is an oncogenic retrovirus known to cause adult T cell leukemia which is transmitted vertically from mother to child and sexually by infected lymphocytes. Studies suggest that the onset of adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL) in patients infected with HTLV-I/II occurs significantly earlier when the subjects are coinfected with S. stercoralis. This study was aimed at detecting antibodies to HTLV-I/II and Strongyloides stercoralis larvae among pregnant women on antenatal visits to selected hospitals in Jos, Nigeria. A total of 188 blood samples and 136 stool samples were collected for study. Five milliliters (5ml) of venous blood was collected and transferred into a screw capped plastic tube without anticoagulant and sera extracted from each participant’s sample and later analyzed for antibodies to HTLV-I/II using double-antigen sandwich enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit. Stool samples were also analyzed using direct stool microscopy and Baemanns technique. Questionnaires were administered for participants’ demographics and assessment of risk factors. Data obtained were then analyzed using SPSS version 17. Human T cell Lymphotrophic Virus –I/II prevalence of 2.13% (4/188) was detected following the ELISA procedures with 1.06% (2/188) indeterminate results. Risk factors assessed had no statistical association with HTLV-I/II infection except for history of cancer in a family. Five parasite species were detected on stool examination with 2.2% prevalence of Strongyloides stercoralis. Keeping of pet dogs and having itching around legs were statistically associated with Strongyloidiasis (P< 0.05). Routine monitoring of HTLV-I/II and dewormming of pregnant women on antenatal should be a matter of priority.