Background: The FOXP3 gene provides instructions for producing the forkhead box P3 (FOXP3) protein. The FOXP3 protein attaches (binds) to specific regions of DNA and helps control the activity of genes that are involved in regulating the immune system. Aim: This study intended to analyze SNPs in FOXP3 gene in the coding region, 5`UTR and 3`UTR using bioinformatics tools and visualizing the 3D structure of the gene. Methods: SNPs were retrieved from NCBI, and the protein sequences were retrieved from UniprotKB. SIFT and Provean software was used to predict whether the nsSNPs were tolerated or deleterious. Polyphen- 2 for nsSNPs function prediction on the produced protein.I-mutant and Mupro software to check the protein stability, finally PHD software to see whether the nsSNPs were related to a disease or not.Regulomedb to predict the regulatory element for 5`UTR region. For the 3`UTR PolymiRTs database to predict the variation in microRNA (miRNA). FuncPred software to show the unknown function for the selected SNPs.TheI-TASSER to visualize the 3D structure. Results: A total of 205 SNPs were retrieved, 180 SNPs in the CDS region, 20 in 3`UTR, 5in 5`UTR. SIFT prediction resulted in 93 deleterious and 87 toleratednsSNPs, Proveanrevealed60 deleterious and 120 tolerated,Polyphen-2 resulted in 29 probably damaging,11 possiblydamaging, 3 benign and 2 no result. I-mutant showed 12nsSNPs increasing, and 25 decreasing the protein stability, MUpro resulted in 3nsSNPs increasing the protein stability and 42 decreasing the protein stability, PHD resulted in 17 nsSNPs as disease related and 28 as neutral. For noncoding SNPs, Regulomedb resulted in 11 SNPs, PolymiRTs result in 11, and FuncPred result. Conclusion: The analysis of FOXP3 gene showed that from 205 nsSNPs only 11 SNPs are highly damaging and 20 SNPs found in the 3UTR region which predicts its function using different methods. Still bioinformatics software have their limitations, the results from this study may be convenient in future for further population based research activities and towards development of perfect medicines.

The glycans are carbohydrate present with other macromolecules where it could act as ligand for glycan-binding protein called lectin. This glycan-lectin interaction plays important role in cell and organ functioning and immune regulation in both animals and humans. Glycan-lectin interaction is also utilized in viral pathogen interaction which is encoded through host genome or own genome replication and enhancement of infection. Current advancement in glycobiology investigations had revealed interaction between glycan and lectins mediating prominent interaction between host and virus which regulates spread of virus and activation of immune system. Carbohydrates are also found to be involved in viability and growth of cells. Glycosylation process occurs in the cells for regulated processing of secondary protein in the cells, it had an integral functioning in multiple processes ultimately to apoptosis. Glycan with glycan binding protein or solely could convey intracellular signals or extracellular signal control process which leads to initiation, execution of apoptosis program. Glycans and its binding proteins are important cell death machinery, glycan-lectin interactions could alter the spread of viral infections either profitable for virus or host. The interaction of glycan-lectin could be useful as can be used as a diagnostic or prognostic tool in tumor because it had ability of controlling cell apoptosis or cell functioning. This interaction also play prominent role in ocular infection associated pathogenesis and its immune response. The viral disease recently known had been spread in entire world cause due to coronavirus this interaction provide help in forming antiviral agents and gave various thoughts in field of vaccination for this virus. Therefore, all these findings reveled that glycan-lectin interactions are advantageous for various disease and also multiple process of our body.

The development of a biological profile involves the estimation of sex and stature of the deceased individual usually by the comparison of the antemortem and postmortem data. Due to inadequate studies on the development of a biological profile from the craniofacial region in the Nigerian population, this study aimed to determine sex and stature from craniofacial variables in the Yoruba ethnic group of southwest Nigeria. A prospective cross-sectional study was carried out on 368 students and staff (217 males and 151 females) of the Ekiti State University, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria within the age range of 18 – 55 years. Twelve craniofacial variables and stature were taken using standard anthropometric procedures and equipment. Data were analyzed using IBM® SPSS version 25.0, Armonk, New York, USA. Student’s t-test Correlation analysis (Karl Pearson’s), multivariate regression and discriminant function analysis were carried out. The results revealed sex differences as the males have higher mean values compared to the females except for the bizygomatic breadth. Physiognomic facial height offers a significant model for stature estimation in both male and female subjects. However, the craniofacial variables produced weak correlations with stature and are not suitable for estimating stature in the ethnic group. Multivariate regression analysis provided better results. The discriminant function analysis sufficiently discriminated sex and after cross-validation, it produced an accuracy of 86.2% for males and 89.4% for females. Sex and stature can be reliably inferred from the craniofacial region but caution should be applied as it has proven to be sex and population specific.

The review was undertaken to evaluate the pattern, type, characteristics and availability of oral coverage in Haryana. This was established by focussing on the levels of accessibility and availability of oral health care infrastructure and to address the strengths, challenges, issues, barriers and opportunities for promotion, prevention and cure of oral diseases in Haryana. Literature survey was carried out in March 2021 in electronic databases such as PubMed and Google Scholar using key words such as “dental manpower [AND] Haryana”, “Oral health care [AND] Haryana”, “Oral disease [AND] Haryana”, “Oral health infrastructure [AND] Haryana”. After scrutinizing all retrieved data only six highly relevant articles were included in the final analysis. It was established that Universal Oral Health Coverage in Haryana needs a foresighted vision and consistent efforts based on the evidence.

Introduction: Tuberculosis is still commonly found in many developing countries. Spinal tuberculosis can cause vertebral deformity and neurological disorders. It was discovered thousands years ago and its management was aimed to eradicate infection and maintain the integrity of the vertebrae. Previously, the management of spinal TB was using drugs and external stabilization. Surgical techniques were developed afterwards to clean the infected vertebral segment. Because of the vertebral deformity remained inevitable and had impacts on neurological disorders, new paradigm had been developed by using instrumentation to stabilize the deformity of infected vertebral segment and to restore and maintain neurological function. TNF-a has a major role in immune process of spinal TB. Spinal TB instrumentation uses metal devices composed of ions and particles that can interact each other so it could produce physical and chemical energy that is transmitted to the vertebrae. The energy is expected to enhance the biomolecular and biocellular activity of the body's immune cells so the healing process could be better. Methods: An experimental study was carried out on New Zealand Rabbits which were given TB H37Rv strain infection in the vertebral body. Samples were divided into five groups namely control rabbits, infected rabbits without intervention, infected rabbits treated by instrumentation, infected rabbits given anti-tuberculosis drugs and infected rabbits treated by instrumentation and given drugs. Then the cytokine levels of TNFa were evaluated and compared. Results: The results showed a significant TNF-a level increase in infected rabbits given drugs alone and instrumentation alone compared to infected rabbits without intervention. There was a significant TNFa decrease in infected rabbits given drugs and treated by instrumentation compared to control rabbits and rabbits who received drugs only. Conclusions: Instrumentation can improve the healing process in spinal tuberculosis by increasing the body's cytokine levels.

Streptokinase is a novel bacterial enzyme that binds with plasminogen and activates it. Streptokinase is produced by different species of streptococcus. Activity of streptokinase is determined by different methods such as fibrin clot method, casein hydrolysis and Chromozym test. High production of streptokinase was obtained in experiments with batch cultures. Production of streptokinase increases 2-3 times in continuous culture. Different species of streptococcus was selected for Optimum production of streptokinase by using different concentration of substrates such as CSL, molasses, sugarcane bagass, rice polishing. Maximum activity was overserved by 0.3% CSL, 0.5% molasses, 0.4% sugarcane bagass and 0.5% rice polishing. Physical parameters such temperature, pH at optimum conditions (370C, 7.0) enhance the streptokinase activity by using RSM. Nitrogen sources, carbon sources, incubation time, Growth factors such as glycine, thiamine and traces elements such as FeSO4, MgSO4, when uses in limited amount enhance the enzyme production. 1% (v/v) inoculum increase the yield of streptokinase (0.360 U/ml).

Introduction: A much controversy exists regarding treatment of neck of femur fractures in elderly. Currently, choices available options for an Orthopaedic surgeon for treating these fractures in elderly are Canulated cancellous screw fixation, Girldstone, unipolar hemiarthroplasty, bipolar hemiarthroplasty and total hip arthroplasty. One of the most common treatments of Garden type-III & IV fracture of femoral neck in elderly in low- and middle-income countries is bipolar hemiarthroplasty. This study was conducted to evaluate functional outcome of fracture neck of femur treated with cemented bipolar hemiarthroplasty in elderly. Materials and Methods: Multicentered based non randomized quasi experimental prospective study was performed in Rajshahi Medical College Hospital, Dhaka Medical College Hospital and Spine & Orthopaedic Specialized Centre, Rajshahi, Bangladesh from January 2010 to December 2019.Total number of patients n=1156 with fracture neck of femur were operated with cemented bi-polar prosthesis of femoral component and their functional outcomes were assessed on the basis of modified Harris Hip Score. Results: At the end of 10 year after surgery, the functional results were analyzed by SPSS 18.0. All patients were in the age group of 50-85 years with mean age of 62.09 years for males and 69.42 years for females. 48% percent of the patients had sub-capital fracture radiologically, while 52% had Transcervical. In 68% of cases, the mode of injury was trivial trauma. Complications observed were superficial surgical site infection (1%), affected sided mild hip pain (15%), LLD < 1.25 cm of 0.01% and post-operative dislocation within 3 months in another patient. There were 64% excellent results, 28% good results and 8% fair results. No poor results were found in our study. Conclusions: Elderly neglected patients with displaced fracture of neck femur are able to ambulate early after Cemented bipolar hemi arthroplasty. The complication rate is very low and pre injury functional status is restored in majority of patients.

Background: Head and neck squamous cell cancer” (HNSCC) is a term collectively describes the malignant tumours of oral cavity, pharynx and larynx. Globally, the total burden of HNSCC is estimated to be around 22 millions and males outnumber females by 4.1 to 2. Folate Metabolic pathway is complex and crucial process that contributes to folate levels and DNA methylation. The genes behind the enzymes in the pathway are polymorphic in nature and a specific combination of genetic variants may implicates differential susceptibility to different cancers. Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR), a key enzyme for intracellular folate homeostasis and metabolism provides methyl groups for the methylation of homocysteine to methionine. Aim: The present study aimed to identify genetic variants of MTHFR C677T (rs1801133) and MTHFR A1298C (rs1801131) among HNSCC patients and controls, gene – environment interactions in North Coastal Andhra Pradesh. Methods: A total of 220 samples (110 HNSCC patients and 110 controls) were included in the study and genotyping was accomplished by using PCR - RFLP technique and analyzed by SPSS. Results: The chi square p values revealed that MTHFR (C677T) polymorphism has association with HNSCC and MTHFR (A1298C) polymorphism does not shows association with HNSCC. For MTHFR (C677T) polymorphism, the odds ratio p value of TT genotype and CC genotype of MTHFR (A1298C) was found to be statistically significant. Conclusions: In conclusion, the MTHFR C677T (rs1801133) polymorphism shows association and A1298C (rs1801131) polymorphism does not shows association with HNSCC.

Diabetes mellitus is the commonest endocrine and metabolic disorders. Patients with diabetes have about double risk to develop severe COVID-19. The severity of COVID-19 shown to be associated with dysregulation of glycemic control in diabetes. This review focus on the most obvious contributing factors linking these nowadays the two common pandemics. A broad literature search been performed on Google Scholar and PubMed for the periods between 01/01/2021 and 01/03/2021. The search includes the followings key words; diabetes, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, corona virus, ACE2 and cytokines storm. Hyperglycemia and insulin resistance in diabetes patients acts as independent risk factors for acquiring severe covid-19 complication. ACE2 expression in diabetic patients is reduced but this reduction wasn’t protective for gaining COVID-19 and even worsening the patient’s outcomes. Exaggerated inflammatory responses in diabetics towards COVID-19 is obvious and serves to transform cytokines storm to a “Cytokine Super Cyclone”. Both COVID-19 and diabetes mellitus affects each other and patients with diabetes subjected to have severe COVID-19 and with an increasing risk of mortality and worsening outcome. Diabetic persons should take great attention to keep their glycemic control as ideal as possible and it is essential to put them in the high priority list for gaining vaccination against COVID-19 virus.

Background: The aim of this study was to look at how surgical treatment of early surgery gastric ulcer perforation has changed, as well as the outcomes. While it has been demonstrated that treating perforated gastric ulcers (GUP) is feasible and effective, its adoption into routine clinical practice has been gradual. Only a few studies have looked at its overall usefulness. Material and Methods: A population-based analysis of all patients undergoing surgery for GUP between 2018 and 2020 was conducted in Rajshahi Medical College Hospital as part of a multicentered non-randomized experimental prospective study. The demographics of the patients, as well as their medical assessment, management, and results, were assessed. The following are the outcomes: A total of 482 patients were included in the study, with a median age of 67 years (range, 20–100). Results: There were 482 patients in total, with a median age of 67 years (range, 20–100). Women made up 284 (59%) of the total patients, and they were older (p0.001), had more comorbidities (p=0.002), and had a higher Boey risk score (p=0.036) than men. The position of the perforation was gastric/pyloric in 347 patients (72%), and duodenal in 135 patients (28%). A simple abdominal x-ray revealed pneumoperitoneum Thirty-one out of forty-one patients 361 patients (75%) had abdominal computerized tomography (CT) and 76 of 77 patients (98%) had abdominal computerized tomography (CT) (p0.001). 234 patients (42%) had laparoscopic surgery, which was completed in 361 patients (75 percent of attempted cases). During the study period, the rate of laparotomy care increased from 33-222 patients (7%) to 46 percent (p=0.02). Patients handled by laparotomy had a shorter median operation period (70 minutes) than those treated by laparoscopy (82 minutes) or those transferred from laparoscopy to laparotomy (105 minutes; p=0.017). In 236 patients, postoperative complications occurred (49 percent). Overall, 77 patients died within 30 days of surgery (16 percent). Both open and surgical repair, there were no statistically significant differences in morbidity and mortality. Conclusion: The increased use of clinical evaluation with X-ray (CT) as the primary diagnostic method for PPU and repair in surgical care is demonstrated in this research. Changes in management are not linked to different results.