Thyroid benign nodules (TBNs) are the most common lesions of this endocrine gland and are prevalent diseases around the world. Among TBNs the colloid goiter (CG) and thyroid adenoma (TA) are very frequent diseases. An evaluation of the variant of TBNs is clinically important for subsequent therapeutic interventions, as well as for more clear understanding the etiology of these disorders. The aim of this exploratory study was to examine differences in the content of silver (Ag), bromine (Br), calcium (Ca), chlorine (Cl), cobalt (Co), chromium (Cr), cooper (Cu), iron (Fe), mercury (Hg), iodine (I), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), manganese (Mn), sodium (Na), rubidium (Rb), ammonium (Sb), scandium (Sc), selenium (Se), strontium (Sr), and zinc (Zn) in tissues of CG, TA, and T. Thyroid tissue levels of twenty chemical elements (ChE) were prospectively evaluated in 46 patients with CG, 19 patients with TA, and 12 patients with T. Measurements were performed using non-destructive energy-dispersive X-Ray fluorescent analysis combined with instrumental neutron activation analysis with high resolution spectrometry of short- and long-lived radionuclides. Tissue samples were divided into two portions. One was used for morphological study while the other was intended for ChE analysis. It was observed that in CG, TA and T tissues content of Ag, Br, and Hg was significantly higher, while level of I was lower than in normal thyroid tissue. In addition to these ChE, in CG and TA samples content of Cl, Cr, and Na was higher than in normal gland. ChE composition of T tissue differed from CG and TA tissues by elevated Rb level and reduced Se and Zn levels. The abnormal increase in Ag, Br, Hg level and decrease in I level in all TBNs might demonstrate an involvement of these ChE in etiology and pathogenesis of TBNs. In addition, elevated levels of such ChE as Cl, Cr, and Na can be also important for goitrous and adenomatous transformation of thyroid. It was supposed that elevated level of Rb and reduced levels of Se and Zn content in thyroid with T could possibly be explored for differencial diagnosis of T among other TBNs.

A cocktail made with the extract of three medicinal plants (Spondias mombin, Vernonia amygdalina and Momordica charantia) is widely used in the traditional Ivorian pharmacopeia for the treatment of various illnesses and brain disorders. The present study aimed to evaluate the possible preventive effect of the hydroethanolic extract of the cocktail on anxiety and depression as well as memory disorders related to abrupt withdrawal from chronic alcoholism using a Mice model. Adult mice were either with vehicle (phosphate buffer saline, 1 ml/100 g, p.o.) or 20% of alcohol drink (2g/kg, p.o) for 28 days. Some alcoholic mice were concomitantly treated with cocktail extract (50 and 100 mg/kg, p.o). Twenty-four hours later, anxiety and depression-like behavior, and memory abilities were assessed with behavioral tests. The level of oxidative stress markers such as nitric oxide (NO), malondialdehyde (MDA) and non-protein-thiol (NP-SH) were assayed in hippocampus and prefrontal cortex. The results showed that the cocktail extract significantly prevented at dose-dependent manner the abrupt alcohol withdrawal-induced anxiety and depression-like behavior. In addition, the cocktail extract significantly improved the spatial learning and reference memory deficits observed in alcoholic mice. The results also revealed that the cocktail extract significantly mitigated the MDA and NO content, but in same time increased the level of NP-SH in both the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex when compared to chronic alcoholic mice. Our finding provides evidence that the cocktail of the three medicinal plants has neuroprotective effects against alcohol withdrawal symptoms and confirms its traditional use to relieve cognitive-affective disorders.

Lycium Barbarum (wolfberry, goji berry, gouqizi, 枸杞) is a Chinese herbal drug located in Asia and South east Europe. The fruits of Lycium Barbarum are 1 to 2 cm long and are bright orange red in color. The speedy increase in the occurrence diseases has led to more research which contributes in the prevention and treatment. Goji berries contain many nutrients and bioactive compounds which allowed classifying them as superfruits. A short description of the fruits is presented together with cultivation requirements. The chemical composition of the berries and their health-promoting properties are described later in this literature review. There are potentially, very beneficial in dietary prevention of diseases, and affluence, such as diabetes, cardiovascular diseases and cancer. Lycium Barbarum is beneficial in all aspects including hepatoprotective, anti-cancer, anti-tumor, anti-aging, immunological, neuroprotection, and ant fatigue, control of glucose, anti-tumor and anti-oxidant properties. Lycium Barbarum juice is beneficial in many aspects including cardiovascular effects, blood pressure and pulse rate, neurological and psychological effects and musculoskeletal complaints. Goji ingredients that is potentially beneficial, and harmful for the human health, show allergic reactions and the interactions with other substances. High dietary fat intake has been shown to be associated with the development of obesity, diabetes, hypertension, cardiovascular disease and other physically degenerative disease.

Moringa oleifera is a fast growing well-known cultivated species of plant belonging to the family Moringaceae, genus Moringa, common name of Moringa oleifera (MO) is (also known as “drumstick”) horseradish and ben oil tree. Moringa products have a wide range of applications in agricultural, nutritional, industrial and pharmaceutical processes. Moringa leaves have a relatively high crude protein content which varies from 25% to 32%. A high proportion of this protein ,amino acids is potentially available for digestion due to a high proportion of pepsin soluble nitrogen (82-91 %) and low proportion (1-2%) of acid detergent insoluble protein. chemical composition was evaluated in Moringa Leaves then Five iso-nitrogenous and iso-caloric experimental broiler diets were formulated as MOL0%, MOL5%, MOL10%, MOL15% and MOL20%, chemical analysis of lipid profile(triglycerides, total cholesterol, HDL, LDL and vLDL), and haematological analysis(Hb, RBC, PCV, MCV, MCHC, Plt, MPV, PCT, PDW, WBC, LYM) were recorded. There was a high correlation between body weight and some blood parameters of the broiler chicken. Age and body weight effect on blood parameters PCV, WBC, RBC, Hb, MCV and MCH. Decrease in the triglycerides level, plasma cholesterol, blood glucose, platelets count, plasma proteins and albumin. There was a significant increase in the body weight. White blood cells (WBCs) and packed cell volume (PCV) increased significantly, but the changes in Red blood cells (RBCs), hemoglobin level. The seed extracts of moringa are rich in polyunsaturated fatty acid. M. oleifera is an antibiotic that can improve the performance and health status, blood chemistry, increase cholesterol level (HDL, and decrease LDL, VLDL) of chickens.

Purpose: This work was aimed at documenting the anthropometric variations of the lengths of digits in the left and right hands of string players. Materials and methods: A total of 100 subjects were randomly selected on voluntary consent (50 string players and 50 non-string players used as control) irrespective of ethnicity. Vernier caliper was used in measuring the medial four fingers of their left and right hands and documented. Findings: Data was analyzed using statistical package for social science ( SPSS) software version 20.0 and the differences compared using student’s t-test at 95% confidence level, at 0.05 level of significance(P< 0.05). The results showed a difference in the mean digit lengths of the right hand with the control group being greater, this was however only statistically significant (P< 0.05) in the Right Middle Finger (8.13±0.53) as against the string players (7.99±0.69). The mean digits lengths of the left hand was greater in string players with the average difference of 0.32cm, this was however only significant (P<0.05) in the Left Middle Finger (8.14±0.70) when compared to that of the control (8.04±0.49). The mean digits length of the left hand is statistically significantly greater than the right hand in string players (P<0.05). However, the mean digits lengths of the right fingers in every humans are greater as seen in the control though not statistically significant (P>0.05). Conclusion: Length of digits is greater in the right hand in non-strings players but greater in the left in spring players and could be a useful tool in forensic science especially in identification of individuals in relation to their skills during investigation.

Introduction: Smoking is the single most preventable health risk and important cause of premature death worldwide. According to WHOM about one third of entire population of the world are smokers. Objective: To determine the risk factors of influencing smoking among schoolchildren in Dhaka city. Material & Methods: This cross sectional study was conducted in high schools of Dhaka city during June 2006 to December 2006. Students of class VIII, IX, X and 12 schools were selected by random table selection. A total of 2474 participants were included for the study. The collected data were analyzed by using Statistical package for Social Science (SPSS-24) programme for windows version 10.0. Results: Age of the study children was between 12 to 18 years. Male and female students were 1876 (75.8%), 598 (24.2%) respectively. Among 1950 male students 702 (36.0%) were smoker and 524 female students 90 (17.0%) were smoker. Five hundred and four (63.6%) started their smoking due to curiosity, 184 (23.2%) stared smoking because their friends also do smoke, 40 (5%) smokers smoke because their father smoke. Friends know about smoking in 545(68.2%) cases, near relatives in 33 (4.2%) cases, mothers in 47 (6.0%) cases and father in 15 (2%) case. Eighty-one (10.4%) students smoke to get friends cooperation and 183 (23%) students smoke to be more acceptable to his or her friends. 573 (72.8%) were willing to leave smoking because smoking was injurious for health. Conclusion: It has been identified that friends influence, curiosity and a belief that ‘smoking relieves anxiety’ played a major contributory role in initiation of smoking. Adolescents should be careful in selecting friends, as friends influence is the prime initiator of smoking behavior.

Introduction: Comprehensive management of TMJ ankylosis including restoration of form, function and aesthetics is a challenging aspect for Oral & Maxillofacial Surgeon. Various treatment modalities have been reported in the literature with their merits, demerits and diverse success rate. Materials and Method: We report our experience in reconstruction of Ramal Condylar Unit (RCU) in temporomandibular joint ankylosis patients in a retrospective review. A total of 06 cases of TMJ ankylosis were included in the review. The cases were managed in our tertiary care centre from June 2019 to June 2020. Demographic distribution of the patients, preoperative findings, surgical modalities used for RCU reconstruction and postoperative outcome were recorded and compared. Results: Average mouth opening increased from 8.5 mm pre-operatively to 29.5 mm 3 months postoperatively. 02 cases of Sawhney’s type I and II ankylosis were managed by interpositional gap arthroplasty using temporalis myofascial flap. 01 case of Sawhney’s type I ankylosis was managed by gap arthroplasty interposed with dermis-fat graft. 02 cases of Sawhney’s type III ankylosis were managed by osteoarthrectomy and reconstruction of RCU by costochondral graft. In 01 case with Sawhney’s type III ankylosis, functional joint was reconstructed using distraction osteogenesis. We encountered 01 case of recurrence in a case managed by costochondral grafting. Conclusion: Amongst the various modalities suggested in the literature, the RCU reconstruction with distraction osteogenesis and costochondral grafting provide best result functionally and aesthetically. The diagnosis, timely management and post-operative follow up are the key to success in TMJ ankylosis.