The aim of present work is to develop simple, economic, precise and cost-effective UV spectrophotometric method for determination of Nevirapine, an anti-retro viral drug, in bulk and pharmaceutical dosage form. Forced degradation is a degradation of new drug substance and drug product at conditions more severe than accelerated conditions. Forced degradation studies show the chemical behaviour of the molecule which in turn helps in the development of formulation and package. The method for Nevirapine was developed using methanol and water and absorbance maxima was found to be at 282nm with a correlation coefficient of 0.9978. Forced degradation studies of Nevirapine like Acid degradation, Base degradation, Thermal, Photolytic, and Peroxide was conducted in UV Spectrophotometer using methanol and water and percentage degradation was calculated.

Background: Diabetes mellitus is a standout amongst the most widely recognized metabolic disarranges that follow by many complications and influence many body systems and organs make them less effective and these incorporate skeletal muscles. Aim: The aim of this study is to evaluate serum creatine kinase activity in Sudanese patients with type1 and type2 diabetes mellitus in Khartoum state. Material and methods: This study was case-control study and conducted during the period from April 2018 to November 2018, 90 participants (30 type1DM, 30 type2 DM as case and 30 controls).The samples was collected by simple random sampling technique through a self-administering questionnaire, Concentration of glucose was measured for each patient with GOD method, and activity of total creatine kinase was determined also CKMB activity was measured for the tow study groups and control group as marker of cardiac functions. The analysis of data done by SPSS version 21 using T-test for comparing mean and simple correlation for correlation of continuous numerical data. Results: There was a significant increase in glucose concentration in compare to control group p-value 0.000 in both type1and type2 diabetic patient compare to control mean±SD type1 (241.9±77.5) type2 (211.3±95.1) control group (111.1±36.4). There was a significant increase in activity of total creatine kinase (CK) enzyme in type1 and type2 diabetic patients in compare to healthy individuals the p-value 0.019 and 0.010 respectively mean±SD type1 (78.0±13.2 IU/L) type2 (71.6±10.0 IU/L) and control group (58.4±23.9 IU/L). There was positive insignificant correlation between the activity of total CK and age in type1 DM patient (R-value= 0.197, P-value= 0.297), but negative insignificant correlation between the activity of total CK and age in type2 DM (R-value= -0.269, P-value= 0.151). Positive insignificant correlation between duration of diabetes and the activity of total CK level in type1 (Rvalue=0.164, P-value=0.386) and type 2 (R-value=0.158, P-value=0.403). Negative significant correlation between glucose and total CK in type1 diabetes mellitus (R-value= -0.410, P-value=0.024) and positive insignificant correlation between glucose and total CK in type2 diabetes mellitus (R-value=0.091, P-value=0.633). Conclusion: The activity of total CK among diabetic patient with type1 and type2 diabetes mellitus was higher when compare to control group, there was also significant correlation between glucose and activity of total CK in type1 diabetes mellitus.

Self-injurious behavior (SIB) is a broad term, describing behaviour that causes harm to one-self. SIB are more prevalent among individual with intellectual disability. This individual are greater risk for developing both physical and mental health conditions including seizure, anxiety, mood disorder and psychosis etc. Management of people with self-inflicted injury, having Intellectual disability (ID) along with seizure disorder and psychosis is challenging. The purpose of this case report is to review clinical findings in a patient who presented with severe pain abdomen, vomiting, fever, difficulty in micturition and burning micturition. A case report of an 14year old girl of ID (IQ=53%) with seizure disorder and psychosis having self-insertion of bizarre objects through normal bodily orifices is presented. The physical examination findings- febrile, pallor positive and tenderness in left illac fossa. MSE findings- she was uncooperative to examination and exhibited oppositional behavior, disinhibited behaviour.she also display inappropriate smile towards nearby peoples and shows aggression, hostility towards her mother. No hallucinatory behaviour was observed. Radiological findings reveals-radiograph of pelvis AP view shows- linear opacity of metallic density, lying obliquely in lateral aspect of sacrum. USG whole abdomen reveals, foreign body in left illac regions with surrounding inflammation, sigmoid colon oedematous, along with enlarged lymph nodes. Diagnosis of SIB and MR with behavioural abnormalities and seizure disorder was made (ICD-10, F70.1 + G40). OT procedure is carried out to remove foreign body from body.