The main objective of the present study was to relate the urine urobillinogen with tooth decay. It is a colorless substance that is formed by the reduction of the bilirubin and bilirubin is a yellowish substance that is formed by the breakdown of the red blood cells. So urobillinogen is a substance that is formed by the bacterial attack upon the bilirubin in the intestine (duodenum). A total of 100 subjects get involved in this study from Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan, Pakistan. After taking the results we designed a project based upon these results. In this some had normal percentage and some had 1 or 0.1 percentage. In this, females that had negative percentage were 10% and had positive 55% in the case of when they had tooth decay. While values for females were in case of when they had no tooth decay for negative percentage were 11% and for positive percentage were 25%. In case of males that had tooth decay were 10% in negative case, while had 58% in positive case. When males had no tooth decay value for negative were 11% and for positive percentage were 25%. It was concluded that there was no relation among tooth decay and urobillinogen.

Hepatitis C is a major global problem, there are 71 million of people have chronic HCV, 50%-80% of them develop liver cirrhosis and cancer. Around 350,000 to 500,000 of infected people die yearly from HCV complications. Prevalence of HCV in Iraq have not estimated since 2017. The current study aimed to assess the number of HCV infected people in Iraq, identify the most important risk factors for HCV transmission and lastly survey infected people to investigate their precautious practices in order to prevent HCV transmission. HCV infection recorded the highest in 2018 with 3.7% of people are infected per 10,000 whereas in 2017, prevalence rate was 0.05%. HCV infection were dominant among male with age group between 40-51 (p>0.05). Most important risk factors for HCV transmission are hemodialysis and repeated blood transfusion in thalassemia patients, HCV infections were 23% and 16% consequently. Most surveyed patients (72.5%) are doing good practicing to prevent HCV transmission whereas the latitude of few patients (27.5%) is not enough to prevent the spread of disease, most of those patients are married couples who practicing unprotected intercourse and under no antiviral medications.

Context: Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are also known as chronic diseases, because they tend to be of long duration. Detection, screening, treatment and palliative care, are the key components of the response to NCDs. Aim: To know the prevalence of risk factors of non-communicable diseases in rural and urban districts of Etawah. Setting and design: It is a community based cross sectional study among person aged between 25-64 years residing in the rural and urban areas of district Etawah. Methods and material: WHO STEPS approach was used. Statistical analysis: The collected data was analysed using SPSS Inc. version 23.0, Chicago. Results: In the study almost half of the subjects were males. Prevalence of current tobacco users, alcohol users, insufficient use of fruits and vegetables and physical inactivity were found 42.4%, 22.0%, 92.8%, 51.1% in rural areas and 25.4%, 19.8%, 84.8% and 54.9% in urban areas respectively. Prevalence of included overweight, obesity, increased waist circumference, raised systolic and diastolic blood pressure were found 32.2%, 11%, 26.1%, 14.8% and 19.7% in rural areas and 42%, 21.2%, 49.2%, 14.4%, 18.9% in urban areas respectively. Prevalence of self-reported diabetes and hypertension in rural areas were 2.27%, 9.47% and in urban areas 4.92% and 10.98% respectively. Conclusion: Healthy lifestyle changes should be encouraged in order to reduce modifiable risk factors.

Doxorubicin (DOX) is an anthracyclin antitumor antibiotic closely related to the natural product daunomycin. The most dangerous side effect of DOX is cardiomyopathy leading to congestive heart failure. This study aimed to investigate the cardiotoxicity of DOX by measuring lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), creatine kinase (CK-MB) enzymes, and troponin I level in serum, and measuring malondialdehyde (MDA) level in the heart muscle tissue. Sixty BALB/c male mice were used in this study. Except for mice in the control group, each mouse was implanted subcutaneously with 0.2 ml of the ascites fluid containing 1x106 Ehrlich carcinoma cells (ECCs) into the right thigh of the hind limb of a mouse. The total period of the experiment was 49 days (7 days before and 42 days after tumor inoculation). Mice were randomly divided into three groups (20 mice per each group) as follows: Group 1: Control group, in which mice received an intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of 0.2 ml normal saline once weekly on days 0, 7, 14, 21 (for 21 days). Group 2: Solid Ehrlich carcinoma (SEC) control group, in which mice received an intraperitoneal injection of 0.2 ml normal saline once weekly on days 0, 7, 14, 21 (for 21 days) starting one hour after tumor inoculation. Group 3: DOX group, in which mice received DOX (4 mg/kg, i.p.) once weekly on days 0, 7, 14, 21 (for 21 days) starting one hour after tumor inoculation. The results of this study showed that, treatments with an intraperitoneal injection of DOX lead to increase of myocardial infarction markers as serum LDH, CK-MB enzyme activities, and Troponin I level. MDA increases in cardiac tissue homogenate in treated mice with DOX. It can be concluded that DOX treatment of male mice inoculated with SEC Tumor induced a myocardial infarction. Therefore, cancer patients treat with DOX should be checked the serum LDH, CK-MB enzyme activities, and Troponin I level during treatment to avoid myocardial infarction.

Background: Doxorubicin is used for treatment of solid tumors blood cancers, however, its cardiotoxicity, cardiomyopathy, and congestive heart failure, are the major limitation of its use. Doxorubicin treatment induces inflammation in various cancer cell lines. Exposure urothelial cells to doxorubicin (DOX) show an increase in IL-1β and prostaglandin E2, similarly, studies have shown that high IL-8, TNF-α and NFκB. This study aimed to investigate the effects of doxorubicin treatment of inflammatory and prooncogen mediators in heart muscle and tumor tissue. Methods: Sixty BALB/c male mice were used in this study. Except for mice in the control group, each mouse was implanted subcutaneously with 0.2 ml of the ascites fluid containing 1x106 Ehrlich carcinoma cells (ECCs) into the thigh of the hind limb. Mice were divided into three groups (20 mice per group) as follow: Control group, in which mice received an intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of 0.2 ml normal saline once weekly on days 0, 7, 14, 21 (for 21 days), Solid Ehrlich carcinoma (SEC) control group, in which mice received an intraperitoneal injection of 0.2 ml normal saline once weekly on days 0, 7, 14, 21 (for 21 days) starting one hour after tumor inoculation, DOX group, in which mice received DOX (4 mg/kg, i.p.) once weekly on days 0, 7, 14, 21 (for 21 days) starting one hour after tumor inoculation. Results: administration of DOX to ECCs-bearing mice resulted in a significant increase in cardiac tissue IL-6 level by 4 folds compared to the control group and subcutaneous implantation of ECCs resulted in a significant increase IL-6 in tumor tissue. Administration of DOX to ECCs-bearing mice resulted in a significant decrease in tumor tissue IL-6 and TNF-α levels. SEC group showed a significant increase in tumor tissue SphK1 activity compared to the control group and administration of DOX ECCs-bearing mice resulted in the non-significant effect on the tumor tissue SphK1 activity. Conclusion: Treatment with DOX, leads to increase in inflammatory mediators as, IL-6 and TNF-α, in cardiac muscle tissue amelioration of these parameters in tumor tissue. SphK1 enzyme activity was increased by tumor induction.

Indole-3-carbinol (I3C) and its metabolites were proven to suppress the proliferation of various cancer cell lines by targeting a wide spectrum of signaling pathways that regulate hormonal homeostasis, cell cycle progression, and cell proliferation. Moreover, I3C inhibited tumorigenesis in mammary glands, liver, lung, and gastrointestinal tract in different animal models. These preclinical findings demonstrate the value of I3C in cancer prevention and therapy, which has led to its trial in cervical dysplasia, breast cancer, leukemia and recurrent respiratory papillomatosis. This study aimed to investigate the effects of different doses of I3C on inflammatory mediators, IL-6 and TNF-α levels and prooncogenic mediator, SphK1 activity, in tumor tissue in Solid Ehrlich Carcinoma (SEC) Tumor Model. Eighty BALB/c male mice were used in this study. Except for mice in the control group, each mouse was implanted subcutaneously with 0.2 ml of the ascites fluid containing 1x106 Ehrlich carcinoma cells (ECCs) into the thigh of the hind limb. Mice were divided into four groups (20 mice per group) as follow: Control group, Solid Ehrlich carcinoma (SEC) control group, Indole-3-carbinol (I3C 1000 ppm) group, in which mice were put on a diet containing 1000 ppm I3C starting seven days before and continued for 42 days after tumor inoculation, Indole-3-carbinol (I3C 2000 ppm) group, in which mice were put on a diet containing 2000 ppm I3C starting seven days before and continued for 42 days after tumor inoculation. Administration of I3C (1000 and 2000 ppm) to ECCs-bearing mice resulted in significant decrease in tumor volume and increased survival rate. Subcutaneous implantation of ECCs resulted in significant increase in tumor tissue SphK1 activity, TNF-α and IL-6 levels and administration of I3C (1000 and 2000 ppm) to ECCs-bearing mice resulted in significant decrease in all of these oncogenic and inflammatory mediators.

Epidemiological surveillance in the era of globalization, especially in the very rapid progress in the field of transportation, with only a few hours can cause an epidemiological shift in the disease, representative. Timeliness, data quality and stability. This study uses an evaluative descriptive approach to the surveillance system at the Port Health Office Class III of the Banda Aceh Work Area at the Sultan Iskandar Muda Airport. The subject of this study was a surveillance system in the area of Banda Aceh's Class III Airport. The technique of data collection was done through questionnaires, in-depth interviews, and documentation studies. The results of the study there are several indicators The attributes of simplicity, flexibility, acceptability, sensitivity and stability and high timelines. While the assessment of data quality and positive predictive value is still low. The conclusion of this study is the activity of epidemiological surveillance attributes at the Class III Banda Aceh Health Office in the Work Area of the Sultan Iskandar Muda Airport, but there are problems in the surveillance system due to limited equipment, although there is a shortage of positive predictions but the timeline remains.

Handgrip strength is a reliable predictor of muscular strength and proper hand functioning. The aim of this study was to compare and correlate between handgrip strength and selected anthropometric variables in Nigerian athletes and nonathletes of both sexes. A cross-sectional, descriptive study was carried out on 62 athletes and 80 non-athletes in the age range of 18-30 years among the students of the University of Port Harcourt. Handgrip strength was measured using an electronic hand dynamometer. Anthropometric variables used were mid-arm circumference, arm length, forearm length, hand length and hand width. An independent samples t-test was used to compare between both sexes in each subject category in both dominant and non-dominant handgrip strength. Also, an independent samples t-test was used to compare differences in anthropometric variables between both sexes in each subject category. A Pearson’s correlation was used to determine the relationship between handgrip strength and anthropometric variables in both athletes and non-athletes. The findings from this study showed that athletes had a significantly higher handgrip strength mean values compared to nonathletes. Strong positive correlations were shown handgrip strength and most anthropometric variables used in the study. It was concluded that handgrip strength was higher in people engaged in sports and it showed significant relationship with anthropometric variables.

Introduction: Development of teeth is a useful measure of maturity, as it represents a series of recognizable events that occur in the same sequence from an initial event to constant endpoint. Age estimation from teeth is generally considered reliable, as they are naturally preserved long even after disintegration of bones and tissues. Aims and objectives: The aim of present study was to determine dental age from panoramic radiographs using Demirijian’s method and Moore’s method in kadapa population. It was also to compare two methods for calculation of dental age and evaluate which technique is better. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted in the department of Oral Medicine and Radiology at Govt dental college and hospital, kadapa. Total of 75 subjects of age group from 7 years to 14 years were included. For every individual included in the study, a panoramic radiograph was taken with standard parameters and adequate protective measures and was analysed for developmental stages of teeth accordingly to the criteria given by Demirijian and Moore’s method. Results: A statistically significant difference was observed in all age groups except 12, 14 years in Demirijian’s method and except 10, 12 years in Moore’s method. Demirijian’s method over estimated the age with a mean difference of -2.10 and Moore’s method underestimated the age with a mean difference of 0.92. Pearson’s correlation revealed more positive correlation between chronological and dental age using Demirijian’s method which was 0.644 compared to Moore’s method which was 0.593 showing greater accuracy of Demirijian’s method compared to Moore’s method. Conclusion: Age estimation can be done by Demirijian and Moore’s method with the former showing greater accuracy than the latter. The Demirijian’s method tends to overestimate the age and Moore’s method under estimated the age. However further research should be aimed at with a larger sample for better accuracy of both the methods.

Anatoxin–a(S) "Salivary"[a] is a naturally occurring cyanotoxin commonly isolated from cyanobacteria (specifically of the genus Anabaena) and causes excess salivation in mammals via inhibition of acetylcholinesterase. Anatoxin–a(S) is structurally a cyclic N–hydroxyguanine organophosphate with a phosphate ester moiety. Parameters such as FT–IR and Raman vibrational wavelengths and intensities for single crystal Anatoxin–a and Anatoxin–a(s) are calculated using density functional theory and were compared with empirical results. The investigation about vibrational spectrum of cycle dimers in crystal with carboxyl groups from each molecule of acid was shown that it leads to create Hydrogen bounds for adjacent molecules. The current study aimed to investigate the possibility of simulating the empirical values. Analysis of vibrational spectrum of Anatoxin–a and Anatoxin–a(s) is performed based on theoretical simulation and FT– IR empirical spectrum and Raman empirical spectrum using density functional theory in levels of F/6–31G*, HF/6– 31++G**, MP2/6–31G, MP2/6–31++G**, BLYP/6–31G, BLYP/6–31++G**, B3LYP/6–31G and B3LYP6–31–HEG**. Vibration modes of methylene, carboxyl acid and phenyl cycle are separately investigated. The obtained values confirm high accuracy and validity of results obtained from calculations.

Disposable hypodermic needles are essential tools in endodontic therapy. Their basic function is injection of irrigating solutions into the root canal for the purpose of removing debris and microorganisms from the root canal during chemomechanical preparation. The objective of this study was to determine the similarities, in gauge/size number, length and color-coding system, between disposable hypodermic needles and endodontic files/reamers. Search engines such as google.com and google scholar were used to collect data on disposable hypodermic needles and files/reamers based on diameter, gauge/size number, length and color-coding system. The obtained data were compared between the two groups of instruments with a view to finding similarities in their sizes, color-coding systems and lengths. The two groups of instruments exhibited variations in lengths, numbering and color-coding systems. However, there were striking similarities between the outer diameters of disposable needles (gauge 28-17) and the diameters of the tips of reamers/files (size 35-40) respectively. It was concluded that disposable hypodermic needles with gauge number 28-17 and files/reamers with number 35-140 are similar in their outer diameters. The understanding of the similarities between these two groups of instruments, within the specified gauge/number ranges, will assist in appropriate selection of needles for root canal irrigation as well as in the technical design of disposable hypodermic needles for carrying plastic materials in orthograde apical third root filling technique.