Introduction: Sjögren's Syndrome is a complex and chronic autoimmune disease that affects the salivary and lacrimal glands, however the immunoregulatory and immunosuppressive effect of vitamins has been related to the disease. The objective was to know the vitamins related to the Sjögrens Primary Syndrome compared with a control group. Materials and Methods: A review was made in the PubMed database with the key words (Vitamin and Primary Sjogrens Syndrome and Primary Sjögrens Syndrome) without restriction of date until November 2, 2018, only studies conducted in humans and published in English were selected. Results: We identified 50 studies with the search criteria, 5 studies were conducted on animals and were excluded, 7 studies were written in a language other than English and were excluded, only 38 studies were eligible and 7 of them were included. The vitamins A, D, E, and 25 hydroxyvitamin D3 were analyzed in the pSS compared to a control group. Conclusion: The vitamins D are important to balance calcium, phosphorus for the development of bone tissue and in patients with pSS the musculoskeletal system may be affected.

Retinoblastoma is the most common intraocular malignancy in infancy and childhood. The incidence varies in different populations. Mutations of the retinoblastoma susceptibility gene have been implicated in malignant retinoblastoma. This research seeks to identify any mutations that could be present in exon 19 and have implications in the pathogenesis of retinoblastoma among children in Calabar. Children (9) with retinoblastoma attending the University of Calabar teaching Hospital (UCTH), Dept of Opthalmology. 30 unrelated and unmatched controls with no history of retinoblastoma were recruited into the study. 2- 3mls of blood was collected from each child, genomic DNA was extracted from blood, PCRs and sequencing were performed on exon 19. The nucleotide sequences of the RB1 gene were decoded from the chromatogram using Bioedit software and aligned manually. Multiple sequence alignment was performed using CLUSTAL W. The RB1 gene mutation frequencies were 2(22.2%) and 3(33.3%) for missense mutations and deletions respectively. Sequencing revealed two missense mutations namely: g.98A>G (p.Y33C) and g.154A>G (p.I52V) in a male patient and a female patient. Deletions include: g.1delC, g.1-12delCAGGAAAACCA, g.45-46delAA, g.14- 21delTTATTAAA and g.1-55delCAGGAA…..TTC were all observed in male (bilateral) cases of retinoblastoma 3(11.1%). These mutations were absent in 6(66.6%) children and the control subjects. Two missense and five deletions were observed in four males and a female patient. The RB1 gene mutation frequency was low among the retinoblastoma children, implying that these mutations were not directly responsible for retinoblastoma, the main causal mutation may be present in other exons. Exon 19 needs to be investigated in a larger population.

Aim: To investigate the potential capacity of limbal mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) incorporated in fibrin glue as cell delivery system in modulating wound healing after trabeculectomy. Methods: Limbal MSCs were obtained from rabbit corneoscleral tissue. MSCs adhesion on fibrin glue derived from the mixture of fibrinogen and thrombin in concentration 1:1 and 1: 0.5 were observed 2 hours after cells seeding. Cell proliferation was assayed by modified tetrazolium method (MTT assay) on day 3. Cells adhesion and viability were analyzed using independent t test (SPSS 19 version). Preliminary study in animal model was conducted in 6 rabbit eyes to observe the role of fibrin glue as cell delivery system. MSCs were labelled using PKH26 prior to subconjunctival transplantation following common trabeculectomy procedure on rabbit eyes. Two eyes were enucleated on day 7, 14, and 21 to obtain conjunctival tissue of trabeculectomy site. Frozen sectioned specimen of conjunctival tissue was observed under fluorescence microscope to analyze cells engraftment and survival. Results: Isolated cells from corneoscleral tissue showed MSCs as they were positive for CD73,CD90,CD105, and negative for CD45. There were no significant differences of cells adhesion (p=0.3) and viability (p=0.2) between fibrin glue composed of fibrinogen:thrombin 1:1 and 1:0.5. Cells engraftment and survival were observed during experimental periods on day 7,14, and 21. Cells began to migrate on day 21 as the time of fibrin glue degradation. Combined MSCs and fibrin glue may facilitate wound healing modulation after trabeculectomy. MSCs may release antifibrosis factors slowly as gradual degradation of fibrin glue. Moreover, fibrin glue properties may promote cells engraftment and survival. Conclusion: Combination of fibrin glue and MSCs may be an alternative for modulating wound healing after trabeculectomy

Background: This study was designed to get insight on how the knowledge, attitude and perception of anatomy students across various divisions in the department of Anatomy, University of Port Harcourt. Important information was mapped out during this study and this knowledge is capable of transforming the undergraduate anatomy curriculum across Nigeria to position the students in their career and the overall development of anatomical sciences. If we want to gain a better understanding of teaching and learning in anatomy, it may be pertinent to move beyond the question of how and consider also the what, why and when of anatomy education. Aim & Objectives: This study was aimed at investigating the Knowledge, Attitude and Perception of the Divisions of Anatomy among University of Port Harcourt Anatomy Students, Nigeria. Materials & Methods: A purposive sample of 420 anatomy students from the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th year participated in the study. Each class came together during their semester examination and a mentorship form was issued to them to indicate the aspect of anatomy they are interested in. Data were analyzed and recorded. Results and Discussions: The result of the study indicated that clinical anatomy had a higher percentage of 21.65%, reproductive biology (18.47%), cell and tissue biology (9.87%), neurobiology (10.51%), physical and forensic anthropology (13.38%), and radiologic anatomy (9.87%) while multiple selections with 21.65%. The first year students showed more interest in Clinical Anatomy with a modal frequency percentage of 38.16% while the least percentage frequency was found in third year class with 9.38%. Conclusion: It is glaring that we are entering a time of paradigm shift aided by new understandings and new technologies as in all such times, views are held strongly and expressed emotionally. The University of Port Harcourt has taken the bold step restructure her curriculum for Anatomy education to flow with the current tide in meeting specific needs by diversifying Anatomy into divisions such as clinical anatomy, cell and tissue biology, reproductive biology, radiologic anatomy, neuroscience, physical and forensic anthropology.

Anticholinesterases are drugs that inhibit acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE). Clinical uses of anticholinesterases include: (a) treatment of myasthenia gravis, (b) reversal of the action of non-depolarizing neuromuscular-blocking drugs used during surgical operations, (c) treatment of glaucoma and management of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Studies have reported several medicinal properties of V. amygdalina and M. fragrans. However the anticholinesterse inhibitory actions (beneficial in neurodegenerative disorders) of these herbs have not been studied, hence the need for the present study. The leaves of V. amygdalina and seeds of M. fragrans were extracted in water and ethanol using cold extraction. The cholinesterase inhibitory assay of the extracts was done in five test tubes: the first three contained the extracts, the fourth test tube contained neostigmine, while the fifth contained blank (control). All the test tubes (control and tests) were incubated tor 20 mins at room temperature after addition of acetylcholinesterse and acetylthiocholine. Thereafter, Ellman’s spectrophotometric method was used to determine the absorbance at 412 nm wavelength. The phytochemical screening revealed the presence of flavonoids, phenolics and glycosides. Aqueous and ethanolic extracts of the leaves of V. amygdalina had mean change in absorbance of 0.032±0.00 and 0.023±0.01 (64 and 74% AChE inhibition respectively), while aqueous seed extract of M. fragrans had 0.015±0.01 (83% AChE inhibition). There were statistically significant differences (p = 0.01) in the mean change in absorbance per minute in the various test groups. Extracts of leaves of V. amygdalina and seeds of M. fragrans showed significant in vitro acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activities at concentrations used.

Background: There were four antigens in ABO blood group system A,B,AB,O in human blood that significant for blood transfusion and hemolytic disease of new born. recent study also discover common ABO antigens relate with basal cell carcinoma, pancreatic cancer and other cancers disease , in this study we try to answer this question if polymorphism ABO blood group antigens can be cause of chronic kidney disease. Objectives: Detect the relationship between ABO blood group antigens and renal function test among chronic kidney disease patients in Khartoum state. Methods: Case control study blood samples of patient collected from dialysis centers and hospitals, the age from 6-72 years in Khartoum state were randomly selected for the study from May 2015 to June 2018, control group selected from central blood bank donated health people, blood samples were tested serological for ABO phenotype and renal function test. Result: Different ABO blood group in compared with renal function test show respectively A,B,AB and O in result of urea 131,149,116 and 121 mg/dl, creatinine 10.1,10.0,8.6 and 9.1 mg/dl, sodium 315,136,133and134mmol/l, potassium 4.5,4.6,3.9 and 4.5 mmol/l, finally uric acid 7.2,6.1,5.9 and 6.8mg/dl. Conclusions: No significant relation of ABO antigens as cause of chronic renal disease.

Hypertension can be defined as a condition in which the force of blood against the artery walls is too high. This study was planned to analyses cost variations of anti-hypertensive drugs available in Indian market. There is a wide range of variations as the price of drug marketing in India. This study was conducted by taking the maximum and minimum cost of anti- hypertensive agents manufactured by different brands of same drug, strength and dosage forms. The data is obtained from the current index of medical specialties [CIMS] April-July 2018. The cost ratio and percentage cost variations were calculated for each anti-hypertensive drug. The average percentage price variation of different brands of the same oral anti-hypertensive drugs in Indian market is very wide.

Introduction: Cervical cancer is the second commonest malignancy among women worldwide and causing high mortality with about 500,000 new cases and 250,000 deaths each year. The mortality rate can be reduced by creating awareness among women on regular or earlier screening for precancerous lesion and by administration of human papilloma virus vaccine to adolescent girls. Hence a study conducted to assess the knowledge on cervical cancer among women, to determine the effectiveness on awareness programme and to associate between selected demographic variables and knowledge of cervical cancer. Methods: Pre-experimental research design was selected. Totally 100 women were selected by random sampling technique in health centres. After assessing the pre-test knowledge, the awareness was created to them and that was followed by post-test. The collected data was analysed by descriptive and inferential statistics. Results: The demographic data shows that out of 100 women, 42(42%) women were at the age group of 30 to 40 years, 84(84%) women were unemployed, 8(8%) women in low income group, 34(34%) women attained early menarche, 32(32%) women had early marriage, 44(44%) women having 3 and more children and 48(48%) women were received health information from family members. The overall pre-test adequate knowledge was 13% and post-test was 74%. There was no significant association between selected demographic variables and knowledge of cervical cancer. Conclusion: Most of the women had inadequate knowledge about cervical cancer and its prevention. After awareness programme, the knowledge score was improved. Hence the health educations highly needed to create awareness among women.

Medical students are inducted into clinical practices at a very early stage of their curriculum, and become very susceptible to get infected and for accidental transfer of infections to the patients, co- workers and the environment. Their awareness regarding Infection Control Practices (ICP) has to be regularly assessed by continued teaching and training programs. The aim was to assess the awareness of undergraduate medical students about infection control practices and measures and re-emphasize the need of continued education on basic infection control practices in the existing undergraduate curriculum. A cross-sectional study was conducted on 131 students of second year and third year (part I) MBBS of a Tertiary care teaching Hospital and Medical College. A pretested, predesigned questionnaire was given to the participants during their regular class hours after explaining the purpose of the study. It was designed based on the study objectives, that contained questions regarding general information of biomedical waste (BMW), hand hygiene, standard precautions, infection control practices and modes of acquisition of their knowledge. Amongst 131 students, 53.5% were females and 46.5% were males. The junior batch had a poor knowledge of the BMW responsibility (65.4%), use of masks (40.7%) and protocol for spillage management (32%). The senior batch had a better knowledge on moments of hand hygiene (90%) minimal time for hand hygiene (74%). The knowledge of senior batch on preventable vaccines (68%) and risk of transmission of viruses (76%) compared to junior batch (74% & 85.1% respectively) was poor. Most students acquired knowledge through lectures, tutorials and practical (74%) and suggested it to be continuously included in their curriculum through practical and workshops (65.6%). There was lacunae in knowledge regarding waste segregation, spillage management and use of masks. Continued education is needed through various methodologies. Importance of incorporation of ICP curriculum in undergraduate education should be re-emphasized.

A research was conducted to determine the occurrence and distribution of Escherichia coli (E. coli) O157:H7 in cattle faeces and manure, aimed at isolating and identifying shiga toxin producing E. coli (STEC) using phenotypic methods from cattle faeces and manure. Faecal samples (n=990) from apparently healthy cattle and manure samples (n=165) were collected between March to August, 2016 for this study, all samples were transported on ice to bacterial Zoonoses lab., department of Veterinary Public Health and preventive medicine Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, A.B.U. Zaria for analysis. Approximately 1 ml/1 g of faeces (homogenized when possible) were suspended into 9 ml of modified tryptone soya broth. Samples were vortexed and incubated overnight at 41°C. After selective enrichment, fifty micro liters of the product was streaked onto Eosin methylene blue (EMB), incubated at 37oC overnight. Preliminary results indicated 374/1155 (32.3%) of the samples showed greenish metallic sheen and were considered presumptive positive for E. coli and for further analysis. The 374 positive samples were tested biochemically using indole, methyl red, Voges Proskauer and citrate (IMViC), triple sugar iron and motility tests respectively, positive isolates 80/374 (4.7%) were subjected to Microbact 40E (U.K) where 48/80 (60%) were positive and were subjected to serological testing using E. coli O157:H7 agglutination test kits. The overall prevalence was determined to be 4.16% for all the samples collected in the three LGA, while a prevalence of 0.34%, 0.7% and 3.4% were found for Bauchi, Darazo and Katagum LGA respectively. Of the overall prevalence 2.51% were confirmed E. coli O157:H7 while 1.64% non O157. The prevalence based on sample locations were 0.09%, 3.37% and 0.69% for abattoir, cattle farms and livestock market respectively.