Atorvastatin is lipid lowering drug use in different cases to prevent complications of hyperlipidemia by lowering lipid mainly affect cholesterol, but it also affect in concentration of other serum parameters such as uric acid and creatinine. Case-control study was conducted during the period between Marchs to May 2017, included 100 participants 60% cases and 40% control with age between (20-70) years. Case group included 62% female and 38% male, used different doses (10, 20 and 40 mg/day) and different durations using for variable conditions such as (DM, HTN or protection for risk of CVD). Control group was matched for cases group but not used any lipid lowering drugs. The result of this study showed that significant association between atorvastatin uses and decrease in UA, Cr, T.Chl and LDL (P-value: 0.000, 0.020, 0.015 & 0.018 respectively). Decrease in all parameters by increase dose but not significant only significant with dose 40 mg/day (p-value: 0.037, 0.044, 0.044 & 0.005 respectively). Decrease in Cr, TCh and LDL by increasing the durational of atorvastatin intake and concentration (P= 0.042, 0.001 & 0.000 respectively). Significant relation was detected between combination DM & HTN and increase UA (4.55±0.87) & Cr (0.69±0.16) (P-value: 0.032 & 0.015 respectively) no significant relation with T.Chl and LDL (P-value: 0.636 & 0.594 respectively). Significant decrease in UA, Cr, T .Cho & LDL mean concentration found among atorvastatin user and the dose 40mg/day is highly significant effect. No correlation between durational of atorvastatin used and the parameter concentration. A more research should be done to detect specific correlation between atorvastatin and this parameters.

This study comparatively evaluated the in vitro antioxidant activity and the hepato-protective effect of extracts of two locally consumed fruits, Dacryodes edulis (African pear) and Tetracarpidium conophorum (African walnut) in sodium arsenate exposed rats. Antioxidant activity was determined by spectrophotometric methods using 2, 2-diphenyl-2- picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and malondialdehyde (MDA) assays. Total phenol, flavonoids and anthocyanins content of extracts were also determined. Results from the study indicated that DPPH and H2O2 scavenging capacity as well as percentage inhibition of MDA were significantly higher (P˂0.05) in extract of T. conophorum (48.34%, 46.9% and 53.5%, respectively) when compared with D. edulis extract (45.47%, 18.1% and 45.3%, respectively). The anthocyanins content was significantly higher (P˂0.05) in D. edulis extract than in T. conophorum. Whereas, T. conophorum extract recorded higher phenol content (52.3GAE/100g) compared with D. edulis extract (22.5GEA/100g). The flavonoids content of T. conophorum extract was comparable to that of D. edulis. The hepato-protective effects of the extracts were examined in vivo in male Wister rats challenged with sodium arsenate. Results showed that the rats fed with the two extracts had significant reduction (p<0.05) in lipid peroxidation, increase in SOD and catalase activities relative to control values. These results suggest that rat fed with Dacryodes edulis and Tetracarpidium conophorum extracts possess varied degree of potent antioxidant activity and may serve as important sources of antioxidants in food, cosmetics and pharmaceutical industries.

An increasing antimicrobial resistance among Klebsiella pneumoniae (K. pneumoniae) has been rapidly growing. The cross-sectional, analytical and descriptive study was conducted to investigate the current in vitro susceptibility pattern of clinically isolated K. pneumoniae. Patient data for 700 different clinical specimens were collected from the case records during October 2016 to March 2017. Following isolation and identification of 113 isolates of K. pneumoniae to the species level, antibiotic susceptibility pattern for all isolates was examined using standard Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method. Among113 K. pneumoniae isolates, 25 (12.6%) and 88 (39.5%) were isolated from outpatients and inpatients respectively were considered for the study. The isolates showed high levels of resistance to Penicillin (100.0%), Ampicillin (96.5), first-generation cephalosporins (>92.0%), Nalidixic acid (93.8%), Erythromycin (96.5), Roxithromycin (99.1%). The isolates were less resistant to Amikacin (27.4%), Imipenem (29.2%). Good antibiotics activity against community-acquired (CA) compared to hospital-acquired (HA) isolates and the difference in resistant rate between them was found statistically significant for several antibiotics. A general increase in the resistance pattern of K. pneumoniae was detected to all the antibiotics that confirm the greatest and frightening problem in our country. Mechanisms for HA infection control measures must be evaluated to reduce pathogenic resistant bacterial strains spreading. Also, strike regulation of the antibiotics buying and intake by the public need to be applied.

An integrated counseling and testing centre is a place where a person is counseled and tested for HIV, on his own free will or as advised by a medical provider. The main functions of an ICTC include: Early detection of HIV, Provision of basic information on modes of transmission and prevention of HIV/AIDS for promoting behavioral change, reducing vulnerability and link people with other HIV prevention, care & treatment services. ICTC data can guide in identifying the various risk groups for priority targeted interventions to reduce HIV transmission in the community. To estimate the prevalence, mode of transmission, risk behavior and socio-demographic characteristics of attendees who tested HIV positive at ICTC in IGMC, Shimla for the year 2016 and prevalence of TB-HIV co-infection among HIV positive cases. This study is based on the Record review of attendees at ICTC in Indira Gandhi Medical College & Hospital in Shimla from 1st January to 31st December 2016. Data was entered using Microsoft excel software and analyzed with the help of epi info v7. This study depicts the role of ICTC & its Implementation in a Medical College. Among the 9156 total attendees in a year 2016 at ICTC, 63 were HIV Positive, so the overall prevalence of HIV among attendees was 0.69%, in which 41 were males and maximum (29) were in the age group of 35-49 years. TB-HIV co-infection was present in 3 patients out of 41 who were referred to RNTCP centre. Most common (71.42%) mode of transmission was heterosexual. Govt/ Pvt services & truck driving were the common occupations among HIV Positive Patients. Present study shows that males, 35-49 years of age group, hetero-sexual mode of Transmission & Inservice (Govt/Pvt) and truck drivers by occupation were predominate among HIV Positives. So we need to focus on these groups by IEC or BCC activities to modify the risk behavior to reverse the HIV epidemic.

The aim of this study was to investigate the physicochemical properties of Cajanus cajan cultivated in Côte d’Ivoire. Some anti-nutritional factors (trypsin activity) and α-amylase of Bacillus subtillus digestibility were evaluated for the seeds flours. The proximate composition revealed that pigeon pea had highest moisture (12.40 %), dry matter (87.60 %), ash (4.50 %), crude starch (39%), crude cellulous (11.9%) and crude protein (25.60%) respectively. While, carbohydrate and fat contents was found in values of 56.10 ± 0,1% and 1.8 ± 0.1 %, respectively. Cajanus cajan seed also contains several minerals. The appreciable value of potassium was 1.8mg/kg, while the levels of phosphor and sodium in the legumes seeds tested were found to be 0. 6± 0. 0 and 0.03±0,02 mg/kg respectively with a total energy value average 2818 ± 3 kcal per 100 g of flour. Anti-nutritional factor such as trypsin activity was found to decrease significantly in the whole seed at 55%. A significant improvement was observed in vitro digestibility of starch provide from whole seeds. Digestibility with alpha amylase represents 82% for whole flour and 88 % for flour made with seeds without film. Thus, the study indicated that pigeon pea flours would have great potential in various food applications. Therefore, the judicious use of seeds could be a source of additional nutrients in the diet of vulnerable population.

The antioxidant properties of oil and fruit extracts of Dacryodes edulis (African pear) from four weeks after anthesis (WAA) to fruit maturation were assessed in this study. The oils from the fruits were extracted with chloroformmethanol 1:2 (v/v) using standard procedures. The in vitro antioxidant capacity of the oil extracts was determined by spectrophotometric methods using 2, 2-diphenyl-1- picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical, H2O2 and malondialdehyde (MDA) assays. Results from the study indicated that DPPH and H2O2 scavenging capacity as well as percentage inhibition of MDA were significantly (P˂0.05) higher in oil at 20 WAA (45.47%, 45.1%, 18.3%), but with significant (P˂0.05) lesser percentage of inhibition at 4-12 WAA. The hepatoprotective effects of the extracts were examined in vivo in male wistar rats challenged with sodium arsenate. Results showed that the rats fed with the oil WAA had significant reduction (p<0.05) in lipid peroxidation, increase in superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities especially relative to control values. African walnut extracts treated rats also showed similar decrease in serum AST (70.3±2.54U/L), ALT (63.7±2.34U/L±), ALP (59.3±0.60U/L) and GGT (230.8±1.12U/L) levels at 20 WAA when compared to 4 WAA extracts treated rats, AST (105.2±1.38U/L), ALT (73.0±1.12U/L), ALP (72.0±2.26U/L) and GGT (299.7±1.88U/L). The results suggest that the various fruit extracts possess varied degrees of potent antioxidant activity both in vitro and in vivo and may serve as important sources of antioxidants in food, cosmetics and pharmaceutical industries.

Anthocyanins content and antioxidant were determined in the three main pigments toward ripening in Dacryodes edulis (African pear) fruit peels. The pigments were extracted with acidified (0.5% HCl) methanol and the extracts were hydrolysed and the applied on 3mm thin-layer chromatograms. The chromatograms were developed subsequently in one direction, using n-Butanol: Acetic acid: Water (BAW) (4:1:5 v/v). The anthocyanidin present in the three pigments, pelargonidin-3- glycoside, was identified according to their Rf values, UV-vis spectrum and reaction with NaOH. The results revealed that the concentration of anthocyanidin in the pink (premature, week4-12) stage was 0.20 mg/g, white (maturing fruit, week 14-16) stage 0.32mg/g and blue-black (matured fruit, week 18-20) stage 0.56mg/g, this results correspond to the capacity of the anthocyanidin to inhibits lipidperoxidation (TBAR) with 76.9% (pink stage), 81.2% (white stage) and 90.0% (blue-black stage). The result demonstrated a positive relationship between Anthocyanins (flavonoids) and antioxidant activity. Hence, Dacryodes edulis is better consumed when fully matured.

Slums are available in the port area of Chittagong city. The general health conditions of the slum dwellers are very poor. This study was conducted to explore the possible association of different disorders of post area people with their life style and socio-demographic status. A survey based prospective observational study was performed at Chittagong from July 2017 to January 2018. A total of 200 (125 from port area and 75 from city area) were identified as a quite effective sample for this study. A self-administered questionnaire was delivered to the participants. Majority of the respondents were married male in this study. Illiterate, ill-educated and day laborer people were available in port area when compared with city area. 35.2% people’s monthly income was below Tk. 10000 with poor household condition in port area. Most of the people were drinker (51%) and smoker (71%) in port area when compared to the city area. The values were 21% and 48% accordingly in city area. Various types of sound and sleep related problems are more common in port area people. Different physical disorders like fever, stroke, diarrhea and chest pain were more frequent in the port area when contrast to the city area. Moreover, mental problems such as depression, frustration, restlessness, stress and over pressure are also more common in port area than city area. Poverty, illiteracy and low socio-economic status is associated with many adverse mental and physical health outcomes. Evidence-based planning, decision-making and practice can help improve the health status and quality of life of people.

Urinary tract infection (UTI) is one of the most common infectious diseases globally. An increasing antimicrobial resistance among Community-acquired (CA) and Nosocomial UTI has been rapidly growing. Cross-sectional, analytical and descriptive study was conducted to investigate the current in vitro susceptibility pattern of the clinically isolated bacteria among Community and Hospital-acquired (HA) UTI. Patient data for 421 urine specimens were collected from the case records during October 2016 to March 2017. Significant growth was yielded from 170 of urine specimens. Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method was used for detection antibiotic susceptibility pattern for all isolates. Of the total 170 (40.4%) culture positive samples, 51.2% and 48.8% were CA and HA UTI respectively. The culture positivity of UTI among the female was (44.1%) compared to (55.9%) among the male. There was a significant difference in resistance pattern between CA and Nosocomial UTI. The distribution of the isolated pathogens were (51.2%) and (48.8%) in CA and HA respectively. The predominant bacterial isolate was Escherichia coli (43.5%) in both cases of community and nosocomial UTI. However, Klebsiella pneumoniae (69.0%) was mostly isolated from HA-UTI while Staphylococcus aureus (80.0%) was mostly detected in CA-UTI. The recent study revealed high resistant rates of UTI among HA as compared to CA. This study revealed that more than 90% of HA-UTIs isolated pathogens were resistant to broad-spectrum Penicillins, Cephalosporins, Quinolones, and Macrolides. Contrarily, high rates of bacterial sensitivity was found towards Imipenem (82.9%), Nitrofurantoin (72.4%), Ertapenem (70.7%), and Amikacin (67.1%). Even if Escherichia coli remains the major pathogen in UTI, the resistance pattern of CA-UTI is frightening in our country. Nitrofurantoin is the only oral drug that retained reasonable activity against most UTI pathogens. Imipenem and Ertapenem remain effective for UTI bacterial isolates. The changing of UTI etiological agents was observed in the current study.