The Marshall-Lerner hypothesis states that a nominal devaluation of exchange rate improves the trade balance. But the empirical evidence from Nigeria over the years has been inconsistent and inconclusive with regards to MarshallLerner conditions. Therefore, this study adopts multivariate regression model to ascertain the effects of devaluation of domestic currency on balance of payment of the Nigerian economy as in line with the arguments of the Marshall-Learn (ML) condition. To measure the effect of exchange rate devaluation on the Nigerian balance of payments, exchange rate, trade openness and foreign direct investment were used as the independent variables (exogenous) while balance of payment was used as the dependent variable (endogenous). The result revealed that, a unit devaluation of exchange rate on the average will result to 2.28138 percentage decrease in balance of payment (BOP) through balance of trade mechanism. The study concluded that the Marshall-Lerner condition is not satisfied in the short run in Nigerian case within the time period reviewed, 1970- 2014.

The study examines the impact of trade liberalization on manufacturing value-added in Nigeria between 1970 and 2014. Basically, the study employed the tools of quantitative empirical analysis technique to evaluate the impact of trade openness on the output of Nigerian manufacturing sector. Findings from the study reveal that the Nigerian economy has not changed its export structure over the 1970 - 2014 periods. The only changes that have taken place to its exports were just a mere shift in exported product indicating a sign of export substitution from primary agro industry-based exports to primary mining industry-based exports (i.e crude oil). It should be noted that heavy reliance of the Nigerian manufacturing firms on imported machinery and equipments is a reflection of the weak manufacturing base of the country .Also it can be adduced from the study that the inability of the Nigeria manufacturing sector to respond positively to the export potentials inherent in trade liberalization may be due to high cost of production in the country that put our manufacturing output in a disadvantageous position in international market. Generally, enough incentives for efficient resource allocation in order to promote manufactured exports within the on-going process of economic liberalization and deregulation paradigms have not been created. It was proposed that a mixture of the invisible hand of the market with the visible hand of the state should guide the process of manufacturing activities, economic diversification, trade and development similar to the case of the East Asian Tigers.

This paper examines the roles of Civil Society Organizations (CSOs) and Voluntary Organizations for Professionals Evaluation (VOPEs) towards achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in Nigeria. The paper identified the roles of the CSOs to include: providing support towards improved public transparency and accountability; creating awareness among government agencies and the general public about the SGDs; mobilizing private sector involvement; monitoring of projects under the SGDs; empowering the marginalized populations by giving voice to their concerns; and strengthening the fight against corruption. The paper identified the roles of the VOPEs to include: training, re-training and capacity of staff; creating adequate and credible data management system to aid planning, monitoring and evaluation; monitoring developmental projects to ensure accountability and standardization; organizing workshops for cross learning and experience sharing among practitioners; and supporting monitoring and evaluation ownership and utilization of evaluation results.

In this study, Cooperative society empowerment was examined to ascertain its impact on rural women. The sources of the data used for this research were primary and secondary data. Out of a total of one thousand three hundred and eighty six (1386) indigenous women of Nimo community, Anambra state, Nigeria were given questionnaires to fill. Nine hundred and eighty eight (988) of the population answered, completed and returned the questionnaire. The descriptive method was used to analyze the data generated for the research. This was supported by tables showing questions, responses of Yes or No, percentages. The hypothesis was tested using goodness- of-fit, descriptive statistics and histogram of normal curve. From the findings, the researcher came to a final decision that Cooperative societies impacts significantly on the living standard of its beneficiaries in any of their empowerment pragrammes. This means that cooperative societies helps in community development and in alleviation of poverty in rural communities.

This study explored the relationship between Industrial Policy on Fish Farming and Economic Growth in Nigeria (1990-2016). Specifically, it determined the type of relationship between Nigeria Federal Government subsidies on fish farming and real gross domestic product. Ordinary least square technique of regression was used for analysis of time series data generated from Federal Government statistical Bulletin and Bureau of Statistics. The study applied econometric model for estimating hypothesized relationship through causality and co-integration procedures. Findings revealed that there is a significant positive relationship between subsidies on fish farming and real gross domestic product. It is concluded that robust industrial policy on fish farming will enhance sustainable economic growth in Nigeria. Therefore, it is advocated that industrial policy on fish farming should consider in detail the long run nexus between fish farming subsector and other sectors of the Nigeria Economy.

The purpose of the study was to investigate the factors influencing non-performing loans in registered savings and credit co-operative societies in Kenya: A case study of Trans Elite County SACCO in Nandi County. The study sought to achieve the following research objective to determine the influence of members’ personal characteristics on non-performing loans. The study was guided by asymmetry theory. Research study employed descriptive research design. The target population was 5214 members. The study utilised stratified random sampling design. The researcher randomly sampled 10% of the target population for the study from the SACCO members. The research instrument for this study were structured questionnaires developed by the researcher which included close ended questions giving scales that refer to questions that ask respondents to rank their answers at a particular point on a scale. The questionnaires were piloted in similar SACCO outside the county of study before the actual research to determine their reliability. The validity was determined by giving the questionnaires to the supervisors and research experts to vet the items used in the questionnaires. Data collected for this study was analysed by use of descriptive analysis techniques for which Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS Version 22) was used to analyse data to generate reports in form of frequencies and percentages. The researcher utilized multiple linear regression model to establish the relationship between the dependent variable and the independent variables and Pearson’s Product Moment Correlation Coefficient was used to establish the strengths between the variables. The findings is presented using tables and percentages arising from the analysis. The findings of the research study is of use to the SACCOs in efforts to deal with non-performing loans. The study also provide insights to policy makers in SASRA and in Central Bank of Kenya. The study further contributed to the existing body of knowledge regarding non-performing loans and motivate further research in other areas which were not covered under this study.

Administration on a planned and scientific basis is necessary for the smooth running of every institution. A hospital is no exception which requires a much better fundamental rule. Administration plays a vital role in the functioning of a hospital, perhaps more than it does in any other institution. Today hospitals must be organized and administered in a scientific manner for efficient functioning. For efficient functioning it requires that every staff should be adequately trained. The need for effective hospital administrators has tremendously increased; because the number of people who use hospital services has also increased. Whereas the pecuniary and other important resources available to hospitals in India do not match up with the growth of the number of users. With competent and efficient administration can make optimum use of resources. In this research, both primary and secondary data collection tools were used. The study focused on to examine the awareness of Managerial 5C‟s among hospital administrators and to identity the challenges of managing a hospital. It was found out that Communicating the hospital‟s philosophy and vision to the patients, employees, government agencies and community at large was not easy by hospital administrators and most of the hospital administrations are not aware of the Managerial 5C‟s. It was also suggested that, Hospital administrators should apply the five C‟s managerial tips and also focus on environmental friendliness and waste management. Positive thinking the best form of managing hospital, inviting thoughts, ideas, images and words which are beneficial for development, increase and accomplishment was recommended.

This paper analyses the changes of trade pattern for Malaysia’s exports by calculating reveal comparative advantage (RCA) indices over time. This study is based on 144 manufactures comparative advantage in the world and Vietnam market. It classifies 144 kinds of manufactures by technology level into five general groups and nine small groups, which cover the majority of Malaysia’s manufactured goods. This paper undertakes an analysis of the comparative advantage of Malaysia manufactured goods from 2010 to 2015. The results indicate that most of the products with comparative advantage in the world market are high technology products, particularly E&E products and process industries products. In term of Vietnam market, agriculture-based products and process industries are more dominance. However, Malaysia manufactured products competitiveness in Vietnam market have shifted from low technology products to medium technology products which indicates the same pattern with the world.

Survival and growth of business ventures is a key concern which is determined by varied factors. Entrepreneurship training has been identified as one factor that can play varied roles towards growth of micro and small enterprises across the world. The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of four components of entrepreneurship training on business growth among micro and small enterprises in Kiambu County. The four components of entrepreneurship training to be studied are objectives, content, trainers’ competence/ attitudes and training delivery methods/presentation styles. The study was grounded in Blooms taxonomy and theory of planned behaviour. The study adopted mixed methods (both quantitative and qualitative) research design and applied a descriptive study design. The population for the study was 6,420 licensed MSEs operating in Ruiru Sub County. The study utilized stratified random sampling to select 382 respondents in main trading centres in each of the four administrative wards based on the nature of business they are involved. The study relied on primary data collected using questionnaires from owners and key employees of the selected micro and small enterprises. The data gathered were analysed using descriptive statistics and thematic analysis. The study found that entrepreneurship training components contributed to a certain extent towards business growth among the micro and small enterprises. The study thus recommends customization of entrepreneurship training programs and taking into consideration of the input of the owners and employees to improve its impact on the survival and growth of the business enterprises.

Saving lifes and rescue missions has been a noble work for Fire and Rescue Department Malaysia (JPBM) employees. They risk their own lifes to save and rescue others. This paper intends to explore their work competencies, namely skills of receiving orders, skills of duty, skills of communication, skills of conflict resolution, and skills of planning an action toward the work performance. A self administered questionnaires were distributed among JPBM employees. The reponse rate was encouraging as they gave full cooperation in the survey. JPBM employees had shown that planning an actions had an impact on thier work performance. But, this did not indicate that their rest of work competence components were not important to them. Moreover, JPBM’s top management needs to capitalize their employees work competence in enhancing their work performance. Management and psychological traninings and courses were seen as major contributor to boost JPBM’s employees work competence that will lead to their work performance.

Dividend policy is probably one of the most ed corporate finance issues. This decision has been examined in terms of its “stability” and “Determinants”. This thesis examines dividend policy stability and determinants of listed Jordanian banks. Based on the time period 2000-2014, and panel-data analysis (fixed-effect model), the results indicate that Jordanian banks follow stable dividend policy. In addition, the results reflect that the lagged dividend per share is the most consistent in its impact on dividend policy. Based on the estimated results, it is recommended that the banking sector to be compared with other sectors that are listed on the Jordanian stock exchange.

This chronicle encompasses the value chain of Pakistan Meat Exports with the help of industry stakeholders. Global Halal food trade is believed to be approximately US$ 1.3 billion, which was US$ 0.5 billion, annually, just 5-6 years ago. The case study of country’s meat export has indicated the existing condition of farmers, meat processors, exporters, target markets, supply chains management, marketing approaches, financial constraints, and sustainability of business. The exporters have been competing in 8-10% share of carcass (meat with bones) market globally and neglecting 90-92% share of boneless and value added meat products internationally. India has become the largest exporter of meat products in 2017 with 1,925,000 Metric Tons and China’s growing population and demand for food products have made them one of the biggest importers of meat/meat products (950,000 Metric Tons), respectively in recent years as illustrated by USDA. FAO has stated that human meat protein consumption will rise from 25.5 kg to 37 kg by 2030. The research methodology used for this policy paper is semi structured interviews and meetings with meat industry stakeholders. Pakistan meat export is at 35,388 Metric tons and worth of US$ 244 million (2015) which constitutes predominantly the chilled carcass meat. Its value added meat products has negligible share in global market due to non-reliable supply chain, lack of local meat brands, and poorly managed marketing strategies. Majority of our meat exporters have been dealing with Pakistani expatriates overseas which has high risk due to financial fragility. Proposals and recommendations have been submitted on small to medium term and medium to long term strategies to increase the profitability and productivity of meat export sector of Pakistan. It is highly recommended to establish local meat brands, which will aid the industry to learn with meat production, processing, supply chain, and marketing management to further compete in world meat market. Nevertheless, it is only possible after de-capping the price of meat in the local markets.

This study examined the impact of mandatory information disclosure on compliance with companies and allied matter Act(CAMA) of telecommunication companies in Nigeria. The study adopted ex-post facto research design which relied on secondary data collected from the financial statements of three (3) telecommunication companies for the period of 2004 to 2015. The multiple regression model was used to analyze the data. The results indicated that computed compliance index of telecommunication companies were partially complied (av.75.6%) with the requirements of regulatory agencies. Furthermore, the finding revealed that accounting policies has significant impact at 1%, this shows positive compliance by the telecommunication companies, balance sheet and profit and loss has significant impact at 5%. This means that there is a partial compliance by the telecommunication companies, the auditor’s report has significant impact at 10%, and this shows weak compliance by the telecommunication companies. While directors report is insignificant. This means that there is non- compliance by the telecommunication companies. It is concluded that the level of compliance with existing regulation required was partial which showed some internal weaknesses and consequent distress in the operations of the telecommunication companies in Nigeria. To this effect, there is a clarion call for the enforcement of full compliance by all the Telecommunication companies in Nigeria. It is therefore recommended that National Communication Commission should monitor the compliance with the requirements of mandatory information disclosure and pursue its objective to achieve best corporate governance practices in Nigerian telecommunication companies.

The purpose of this paper is to know the perception of the customers‟ towards dimensions of E-banking between public and private banks across Accuracy, Cost Effectiveness, Efficiency, Accessibility and Easy to use. A convenience sampling technique was used to recruit 320 customers through a well designed questionnaire from three Public Banks i.e. SBI, Punjab National Bank and Bank of Baroda and three Private Banks i.e. ICICI, HDFC and Axis Bank of NCR, India. The questionnaire is representing the desired range of demographic characteristics e.g. Gender, Age, and Occupation. Data has been analysed by reliability analysis, factor analysis, descriptive analysis and Independent Sample t-test. This research showed that all dimensions of E-banking i.e. Accuracy, Cost Effectiveness, Efficiency, Accessibility and Easy to use indicate significant difference between Public and Private Banks of NCR, India.

This study is an empirical investigation into the quantitative effect of credit risk management on the performance of Nigeria’s Deposit Money Banks (DMBs) and Bank lending growth over the period of 17 years (1998- 2014). Secondary data for empirical analysis was obtained from CBN Statistical bulletin 2014 and World Bank (WDI) 2015. The study employed multiple linear regression model to analyze the time series data. The result showed that sound credit management strategies can boost investors and savers confidence in banks and lead to a growth in funds for loans and advances which leads to increased bank profitability.. The findings revealed that credit risk management has an insignificant impact on the growth of total loans and advances by Nigerian Deposit money banks. The study therefore recommends that DMBs in Nigeria should strictly adhere to their credit appraisal policies which ensures that only credit worthy borrowers have access to loanable funds. Banks are to ensure that funds are allocated to borrowers with decent to high credit ratings.

One of the problems facing in third world countries is the problem of poverty so that this issue as if it has the appointment of for a third world countries in developed countries although there are still a problem poverty but this does not becomes a serious problem different from third world countries.Jambi Provincenow with a population of more than 3 million people, There are still 11 percent of the poor, while the it had already directed and administered to regional development be done in integrated and sustainable in accordance with priorities and regional needs each with roots and national development the target through short-term development long-term.The purpose of this study to analyze the factors that affect poverty in Jambi province Islamic studyway of looking at is using thetime the data series, there are several variables used in this study allegedly as a factor in poverty reduction in the province of Jambi.Equipment used in the analysis of this study is simultaneous model using eviews-4 software the equation of analysis of this study almost all of the variables used in this study has a positive effect on poverty in Jambi province in 2000–2014.Education has a significant relationship to poverty in the province of Jambi, but there are positive influence, while productivity have a direction and a negative correlation to poverty, but has a positive relationship, the workforce has a positive relationship to poverty, per capita income has ties and influence positive against poverty while investment has a negative relationship and also a negative influence on poverty in the province of Jambi, zakat infaq and sodaqoh have a very significant influence on poverty in the province of Jambi. Zakat, alms infaq and a very significant instrument in Islam to the decline of poverty in the province of Jambi, because zakat is one solution within a very epektif poverty reduction because the meaning of the word zakat includes the word grows and develops.

This study aimed to determine the level of transformational leadership practices by school principals in the national secondary schools in the state of Perak, Malaysia. The four dimensions of transformational leadership studied were vision identification, modeling, goal acceptance and individual support. The study also looks at the level of organizational health as well as the relationship with the practice of transformational leadership by the national secondary school principals’. The respondents consisted of 445 teachers employed in 28 national secondary schools in the state of Perak, Malaysia. The data obtained was analyzed using SPSS version 20.0. Descriptive analysis and inferential analysis were used to analyze the influence of the relationship. The study found that school culture functions as a moderator in the relationship between the transformational leadership style of school principals’ and the organizational health of the secondary school teachers’ in the state of Perak, Malaysia. In addition, school culture as a moderator in the relationship between transformational leadership and organizational health is a new discovery in the field of leadership. This is because the organizational health of secondary schools has never been investigated by local researchers. Most previous studies have highlighted transformational leadership and school culture has a direct influence on school improvement.