Capital structure is an important element of any business organization. Every concern tries to have optimum capital structure in the view of increasing profitability, reducing overall cost of capital and thereby increasing value. Some authors have propounded theories of capital structure. Subsequently they were supported and criticized by many studies made over a period of time. The present paper has attempted to give important theories of capital structure and presented the studies which had supportive evidences and which have results against the recent theories of capital structure. The paper has presented net income approach, net operating income approach to capital structure, Modigliani and Miller theory of capital structure, Trade-off theory, pecking order theory and Market timing theory of capital structure with its chronological relevance.

The study on Competence-based training (CBT) is not a unique experience ever exercised in different scenarios of learning experiences. While this education is vastly practiced in vocational education and training world - wide, it has gained a paradigm shift in Rwanda: encouraging the hands-on activity and the sense of self-employment. This model has been adopted through the influence of constructivism theory which dwells largely on learner-centered orientation. Though the practice in Rwanda has taken over four years since its inception and that graduants from this system are already in the market, the study seeks to assess the feeling, competence, accessibility in the market, and future prospects of such candidates. The study has developed a null hypothesis to test if there is a significant difference between CBT curriculum and the actual skills gained by learners on the ground. The study used a descriptive approach and inferential statistics to determine results. An independent Sample T-test and ANOVA were employed to analyze significant differences of variables in the study. The target population was 140 candidates and a random sampling of 56 candidates was selected to become respondents of the study. The overall results indicated that CBT program has indeed helped improve the lives of youths in Rwanda.

Information Science is an important interdisciplinary domain responsible for collection, selection, processing, organization and management of information. Information Science is dedicated to information infrastructure building, designing and development. Information Science is an Applied Science domain through it has some community interaction and community development perspective. Information Science has an interaction with its stakeholders like people, industry and corporates. Information Science is as an interdisciplinary domain available in western countries. This paper is talks about Information Science and Information Science and Technology and their possible and probable curriculum differences. Paper also tries to illustrate some proposed courses of MSc-IST.

A literature review in Indian MSME sector. It shows the profound impact of MSME sector on Indian Economy, status of MSME sector in India & governments efforts for this sector.

Despite the vast research in financial literacy and financial education, little is known about the effectiveness of the education programme that was conducted to increase the financial literacy among Malaysian. The high number of bankruptcy as the highest bankruptcy case was related to hire purchase loans and personal loans are among the crucial financial issues in Malaysia. Hence, this study was conducted to investigate the financial literacy, attitude and practices of those who attended POWER! programme and not attended. Data were obtained through on-line survey (n=677) and during Minggu Amanah Saham Malaysia. The findings include that after 6 months attended POWER! programme the participants have a higher financial knowledge. In addition, those who attended POWER! programme had positive attitude towards financial matters although mix result was observed. On the other hand, the control group have better in basic financial behaviour. Consequently, interview should be conducted to gain more understanding on the impact of POWER! programme, a detailed module on specific personal finance need to be developed and further study on financial attitude and behaviour is needed.

Halal certification system is vital for the customers who prefer to consume Halal products. Here the definition of Halal is taken through the views of eminent Islamic scholars. Different interpretations of Halal items are being made, whereas many bodies are certifying these as Halal products. The source of Halal Certification (HC) of products / services seems important both for organisation, and for the consumers. In order to understand the practices adopted by multiple bodies which are certifying Halal, we have tried to identify various criteria and sub criteria on which Halal certification are being undertaken. The main contribution on certification of Halal food has been made by JAKIM. This has been further extended to other countries. India being a major exporter of Buffen, its different companies tries to follow the norms of the importer country. Thus we have observed the multiplicity of Halal Certifying Organisation (HCO) and this has also provided major threats than opportunities for HC. However, when we tried to make comparison among different Halal certification bodies in India, we observed that theses certifications are focused towards the slaughter of the animal and have somewhat similar outlook. We observed that these HCO do not have proper norms for the processes and upcoming technology being adopted in the food industry. They need to develop better norms for Halal cold chain and dedicated logistics to maintain the Halalness of the food. The certification of the food ingredients & additives is major opportunity. The codification of processes is also necessary. Thus extensive research is required in this area.