This study examined entrepreneurial self-efficacy as a predictor of graduate venture performance in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. Driven by structural unemployment and the necessity for economic self-reliance, graduate-led enterprises have become critical nodes for economic development; however, many suffer from premature failure due to low psychological resilience and poor risk management. The study specifically investigated the predictive influence of opportunity recognition self-efficacy and resilience self-efficacy on the performance of graduate ventures in Akwa Ibom State. A descriptive survey research design was adopted. The target population comprised 1,850 graduate entrepreneurs operating micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs) across Akwa Ibom State. A sample size of 329 respondents was determined using the Taro Yamane formula. Data collection was carried out using a structured instrument titled "Entrepreneurial Self-Efficacy and Graduate Venture Performance Questionnaire (ESEGVPQ)". The instrument was validated by experts in Business Education and Psychometrics, yielding an overall Cronbach Alpha reliability coefficient of 0.86. Data were analysed using mean and standard deviation to answer the research questions, while simple linear regression analysis was deployed to test the null hypotheses at a 0.05 level of significance. The findings revealed that opportunity recognition self-efficacy exerts a significant predictive influence on graduate venture performance, despite variances in lower-level task execution. Furthermore, resilience self-efficacy was shown to significantly predict venture survival and overall performance metrics. The study concluded that psychological capital, specifically task-specific self-efficacy, is a strong determinant of entrepreneurial outcomes. It was recommended among others, that tertiary education institutions embed experiential psychological training into entrepreneurship curricula, and that local business incubators provide targeted mentorship frameworks to fortify the cognitive resilience of graduate startup owners.

Saudi Vision 2030, launched in 2016, is a comprehensive national transformation strategy that seeks to decrease Saudi Arabia's dependency on hydrocarbons, diversify the economy, increase the participation of human capital, modernize governance, and strengthen Saudi Arabia's global standing. This study is an attempt to look at Vision 2030 as a multi-dimensional transformation process and not a single economic reform programme after 10 years of its application. Qualitative documentary analysis thus describes, based on qualitative evidence, official Vision 2030 documents, government documents, national statistics, international assessments and academic literature between 2016 and 2026. Economic diversification, social change, governance reform and strategic repositioning are all central themes for the analysis. Results show that there have been major achievements in some of the areas that are not oil related, women in the workforce, tourism development, digital governance, and international investment engagement. However, there are financial and institutional shortfalls around the dependence of oil, project sustainability, and productivity in the private sector. As the study points out, Vision 2030 is still a transformation model and not a transition to something else.

This study assessed estate management practices and their implications for sustainable urban development in Enugu Metropolis, Nigeria. The study adopted a descriptive survey design and focused on property management, maintenance, land administration, development control and sustainability practices. A structured questionnaire using a five-point Likert scale was designed for property owners, tenants, estate surveyors and valuers, developers and relevant public officials. For the model analysis, 200 responses were generated and analysed using frequencies, percentages and mean scores. The results indicate that estate management practices are moderately effective, with mean scores ranging from 3.57 to 3.88 for the major practices. Preventive maintenance was strongly recognised, with a mean score of 4.00, although timely responses to defects and infrastructure maintenance recorded lower means of 3.60 and 3.41 respectively. Respondents identified high maintenance costs, inadequate development finance, weak enforcement and institutional coordination as major constraints, with mean scores above 3.90. Sustainable estate management indicators recorded generally high mean scores between 3.97 and 4.10. The study concludes that improved professional management, maintenance financing, digital land administration, development-control enforcement and sustainability-oriented practices can strengthen urban development in Enugu Metropolis.

This study investigates the relationship between strategic leadership, employee performance, and the mediating role of employee engagement at Enugu State University of Science and Technology (ESUT) in Enugu State, Nigeria. Utilizing a mixed-methods approach, data was collected through surveys and interviews with 200 employees across various departments. Results indicate a significant positive correlation between strategic leadership and employee performance, mediated by high levels of employee engagement. The findings revealed that engaged employees demonstrate a 30% increase in performance metrics compared to their disengaged counterparts. Furthermore, strategic leadership practices, such as clear communication and supportive management, were found to enhance engagement levels among employees. The study underscores the importance of strategic leadership in fostering an environment conducive to employee engagement, ultimately leading to improved organizational performance.

This study examines the effect of legal subject and legal object complexity on legal-document completion duration and its relationship with opportunity cost in built-to-suit (BTS) tower projects at Protelindo Group. Legal-subject categories comprise individuals, heirs, legal entities, government institutions, and religious-property managers, while legal-object status distinguishes certified and non-certified land. A quantitative explanatory design was applied using a five-point Likert questionnaire administered to 200 respondents from the Protelindo Legal team, SITAC BTS team, and experienced turnkey vendors. Data were analyzed using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM). The results show that legal subject and object complexity has a positive and significant effect on completion duration (β = 0.758; t = 24.588; p < 0.001), while completion duration positively and significantly affects opportunity cost (β = 0.325; t = 5.403; p < 0.001). Legal complexity also has a direct positive and significant effect on opportunity cost (β = 0.543; t = 9.470; p < 0.001). The model explains 57.4% of the variance in completion duration and 66.8% of the variance in opportunity cost. The findings indicate that legal complexity should be screened at the front end of BTS land-acquisition processes because incomplete documentation, repeated clarification, external coordination, and administrative rework can extend lead time and consume productive resources.

Financial-service companies, including insurance companies, are increasingly taking environmental sustainability into account. Insurers are increasingly encountering climate-related risks and are expected to address the concerns of stakeholders, which has led to ESG (Environmental, Social and Governance) being incorporated into insurers' strategy and corporate communications. This research explores the green marketing practices of the selected insurance companies in India from the year 2021 up to February 2025. A multiple case method, qualitative approach was employed based on public information in the company disclosures, press releases and industry sources. The study is based on the case studies of four insurance companies: Axis Max Life Insurance, PNB MetLife, Generali Central Insurance, and Future Generali India Insurance. The analysis reveals three key patterns: community-based afforestation, a culture of employee engagement with sustainable practices, as well as embedding environmental initiatives in corporate brand communication. Over 7000 saplings were planted in 35 cities with more than 1700 volunteers under Axis Max Life's Insure Earth program and PNB MetLife's Glow Green program, aimed at planting and nurturing more than 40000 trees. Future General, Generali's Green Switch program gamified the way their employees behaved to make them more environmentally friendly. The results indicate that green marketing in the insurance sector is not just about communicating CSR, but also about engaging more with stakeholders and promoting the sustainability of the organization. But company-reported environmental outcomes must be interpreted with caution, as they are not necessarily a reflection of independent verification of ESG performance. Thus, the key to successful green marketing is transparency, measurable indicators and credible environmental claims.