Infectious Laryngotracheitis Virus (ILTV), a member of the Alphaherpesvirinae subfamily, is a major respiratory pathogen affecting poultry worldwide, leading to significant economic losses. This review highlights the importance of biosecurity strategies in preventing and controlling ILTV outbreaks by exploring its taxonomy, transmission dynamics, and replication mechanisms. ILTV’s double-stranded DNA genome, enclosed in a capsid, tegument, and lipid envelope, facilitates immune evasion and persistent infections. The virus spreads through direct contact, respiratory droplets, and contaminated equipment, with wild birds acting as potential reservoirs. Understanding viral replication, including attachment, DNA synthesis, and release, provides insights into its pathogenesis and persistence. Effective biosecurity measures—such as controlled farm design, sanitation, personnel training, and vaccination—form the cornerstone of disease prevention. However, limitations such as cost, compliance, and evolving viral strains pose ongoing challenges. Emerging technologies like biosensors, genetic selection for resistant poultry breeds, and AI-based surveillance offer promising tools for future biosecurity enhancement. Integrating traditional and modern approaches ensures sustainable poultry health management and resilience against ILTV and other infectious diseases.

A defining and perilous characteristic of chronic HCV infection is its insidious, often asymptomatic nature. Many infected individuals, including a significant proportion of those who progress to advanced liver scarring, remain unaware of their condition for decades.[1] Symptoms, when they do appear, are frequently nonspecific and mild, such as fatigue, malaise, or intermittent joint pain, further masking the underlying pathology.[2] This prolonged asymptomatic period creates a vast, underdiagnosed reservoir of patients who are not only capable of transmitting the virus but are also silently progressing toward severe, life-altering complications. The combination of a high rate of chronicity with a decades-long silent phase constitutes a public health crisis in disguise. By the time a diagnosis is made, often incidentally or upon the onset of severe symptoms, many patients have already developed advanced liver disease or established extrahepatic complications, rendering their management more complex and significantly increasing the burden on healthcare systems.[1] This clinical reality underscores the critical importance of routine screening for individuals in high-risk groups to facilitate early diagnosis.

Introduction: COVID-19 has spread around the world. The objective of this study was to explore clinical features among young patients with COVID-19. Material and methods: Ninety patients with severe cases of COVID-19 infection in Western Chongqing were collected between January 21 and March 14, 2020. Patients were then further stratified into four groups by age: youth (< 39 years); middle-aged (39–48 years), middle-elderly aged (49–60 years), and elderly (> 60 years). Comparison of clinical symptoms, laboratory findings, imaging findings, and treatment effects between groups. Results: 22, 27, 19, and 22 cases were in the youth, middle-aged, middle-elderly, and elderly groups respectively. No significant difference existed between gender or by smoking status among the four groups. The clinical indicators of severe disease in the youth group differed significantly from the other three groups and included the lymphocyte count (p < 0.001), C-reactive protein level (p = 0.03), interleukin-6 level (p = 0.01), chest computed tomography (CT) findings (p < 0.001), number of mild cases (p = 0.02), education level (p < 0.001), and CD4 + T lymphocyte level (p = 0.02) at the time of admission, and the pneumonia severity index (PSI) at the time of discharge (p < 0.001). The complications (p < 0.001) among the youth group were also significantly different from the other groups. Conclusions: The clinical manifestations of young patients are relatively mild. This may be related to higher education levels, prevention awareness, and willingness to accept prevention and control of the COVID-19 epidemic among the population in addition to good immune function.