When foreign substances enter our body, such as infectious microorganisms, macromolecules, and others, a collective and organized response from our body occurs to resolve this situation. Many studies of the immune response have already been conducted by scientists, but there are many other mechanisms to be understood due to the complexity of the immune system. Therefore, the great challenge of multidisciplinary studies is to understand and manage the immune system. This manuscript aims to study the immune system, emphasizing immunological memory, neuroimmunology, immunological placebo effect, and therapeutic updates of the immune system. In this study, a systematic review of the literature was carried out to investigate immunological memory, neuroimmunology, immunological placebo effect, emotional autoimmune response, and therapeutic updates of the immune system. The research included an analysis of experimental studies and reviews that discuss new diagnostic techniques and therapies in the management of these conditions. Recognized databases such as PubMed, Medline, SciELO, and Google Scholar were used for data collection. This methodological approach allowed the compilation and analysis of quality and relevant scientific literature, ensuring a broad and updated view of emerging practices in the immune system.

Sinusitis is a widespread inflammatory condition affecting the paranasal sinuses, commonly caused by infections, allergens, environmental triggers, or structural abnormalities. In modern medicine, it is classified by the duration into acute, subacute, and chronic types. In Unani medicine, although the exact term “sinusitis” is not used, the condition is addressed under Nazla Ḥārr (hot catarrh) and Nazla Bārid (cold catarrh), which is equivalent to acute and chronic sinusitis, respectively. This study aims to correlate these Unani classifications with modern clinical understanding and to assess traditional Unani therapeutic approaches for managing sinusitis. Based on a descriptive review of classical Unani literature and contemporary medical sources, it was found that scholars like Ibn Sīnā, Ghulam Jeelani, and Muḥammad Ṭabarī consider sinusitis to arise from humoral imbalance, typically influenced by environmental and dietary factors. Treatment in Unani practice includes Ilāj bi’l Tadbīr (regimenal therapy), Munḍij-Mushil (concoctive and purgative therapy), and herbal formulations, supported by techniques such as decoctions, nasal drops, steam inhalation, and lifestyle changes aimed at restoring balance and eliminating harmful humours. While modern treatments may provide temporary relief, they often have side effects and do not guarantee a cure. Unani approaches offer a personalised, holistic alternative, and further clinical validation may enhance their role in integrative care.

Traditional medicine uses Annona muricata to treat a variety of illnesses. This study aimed to assess the anti-proliferative effects of the hexane fraction of Annona muricata (HFAM) seed in MCF-7 cells and 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA)-induced mammary gland tumorigenesis in female rats. Forty Wistar rats were divided into five equal groups in vivo. The control group was group 1, the DMBA (50 mg/kg) was assigned to group 2, the DMBA (50 mg/kg) + HFAM (100 mg/kg) was given to group 3, the DMBA (50 mg/kg) + HFAM (200 mg/kg) was given to group 4, and the HFAM (200 mg/kg) was given to group 5. The HFAM inhibited growth, elicited anti-inflammatory, antioxidative, and pro-apoptotic activities in MCF-cells. The HFAM decreased IL-1β, MPO, LPO and increased SOD, CAT, BAX, Caspases-3 and-9 in MCF-7 cells by 45%, 82%, 46%, 44%, 41%, 168%, 22% and 17%, respectively. In vivo, DMBA decreased body weight gain and increased organo-somatic weight of the mammary gland by 35% and 92%, respectively. Also, DMBA decreased the activities of mammary catalase, glutathione-s-transferase, glutathione peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase by 40%, 66%, 45% and 41%, respectively, while lipid peroxidation increased by 61%. The GC-MS analysis revealed Tirucallol as the most abundant compound. Histology showed glands with malignant epithelial cells and high nucleocytoplasmic in DMBA-administered rats. Interestingly, HFAM decreased inflammation, oxidative stress, and restored the cyto-architecture of glands in DMBA-treated rats. Taken together, HFAM confers protection against DMBA-induced mammary toxicity via anti-inflammatory, antioxidative, and pro-apoptotic activities.