Malaria is a serious and potentially fatal parasitic infectious disease caused by several species of parasite belonging to the Plasmodium genus. The female Anopheles injects the parasite into humans in the form of a "sporozoite". This rapidly migrates via the bloodstream to the liver. Transmission can occur through mother-to-child transmission and transfusion of infected blood products. Objective: To study the prevalence of malaria among newborn babies in the paediatric ward of the CSRéf in Markala. Methodology: Cross-sectional, retrospective, descriptive study from 1st January to 30th December 2023. Results: The mean age at admission was 03 to 07 days and 08 to 14 days of life. The sex ratio was in favour of males (51%). The overall result for the prevalence of malaria according to the means of biological diagnosisused was 0.62% for the RDT compared with 56.52% for the GE. The weight range where the RDT was positive was weights over 3.5kg. The results for congenital malaria were 0% for RDT and 60% for GE. The sex-ratio was in favour of males (51%). The age range at admission was 3 to14 days. The highest number of cases was observed in the month of May. The overall prevalence of congenital malaria including the total number of babies with cord blood parasitaemia and peripheral blood parasitaemia was 18.6% and 56.8% respectively using microscopy and real-time PCR. The frequency of cases of submicroscopic congenital malaria (negative on thick blood smear and positive on PCR) was 12.2%). Theaverageadmissionweightofnewbornswas2.9kg+/-0.9andtheaveragebirthweightwas2,319g(160.03)and 83 (81.4%). Conclusion: Congenital and neonatal malaria is a public health problem in a malaria-endemic country such as Mali. We note a difference in diagnosis according to the different biological means of diagnosis (RDT and EW). Newborns showing signs of suspected sepsis should be screened and treated early.

Jalinoos, in his Unani literature, emphasized the importance of structural simplicity in categorizing organs, focusing on their lighter composition and maintaining the body's integrity, as a fundamental component of the human body. Allama Qarshi further refined the classification of A‘ḍā’ Mufrada (Simple organs) into ten distinct types, highlighting the complexity inherent in each type and its contribution to the overall structure and function of the body. Notable scholars such as Abu Sehel Maseehi and Ali Ibne Abbas Majoosi acknowledged the inclusion of Mukh, Ẓufr, and Sha’r within their classifications. In contrast, Razi excluded arteries, veins, tendons, and membranes from the A‘ḍā’ Mufrada (Simple organs) category, positing that these structures are derived from nerves and ligaments rather than being classified as independent organs. Ibne Rushd expanded the classification of A‘ḍā’ Mufrada (Simple organs) to encompass fourteen distinct types, which include Jild (skin), Dam (blood), Balgham (phlegm), Marra Sawdā’ (black bile), Marra Safra (yellow bile), and Rūḥ (spirit). Basic elements in Unani Medicine are simple undivisable matter which provide the primary components for the human body. They cannot further resolve in to simple entities. A group of ancient physicians believe that organs formed by four elements combined in different amount and proportion. Ibne Rushd stated that A‘ḍā’ Mufrada (Simple organs) are developed either from primary combination or secondary. Hippocrates believed that if man's creation was made from one element, he would never fall ill and recover from one remedy and Fetuses' soft and hard parts are formed from soft and moist food, and their limbs develop like branches. Ibne Hubl Baghdadi stated that the human body is composed of primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary constituents of Usṭuqussāt. Abu Sehel Maseehi and Allama Qarshi differ on the formation of A‘ḍā’ Mufrada (Simple organs), with Maseehi claiming semen for bones and flesh, and Qarshi categorizing it into two types: A‘ḍā’ Aṣliyya and A‘ḍā’ Manawiyya. Ali Ibne Abbas Majoosi, and Allama Nafeesi discuss semen's role in organ development, supplemented by Fazil Khoon and surplus blood, and its production of biological molecules.

Transfection is a critical technique for introducing nucleic acids—such as DNA, RNA, or oligonucleotides—into cells and plays a pivotal role in diverse research fields, including gene therapy, recombinant protein production, and functional genomics. This meta-analysis examines the fundamental mechanisms, methodologies, and challenges associated with transfection, highlighting advances in both viral and non-viral delivery systems, optimization techniques, and clinical applications. Viral vectors, including adenovirus, retrovirus, and lentivirus, offer high efficiency and are frequently used in gene therapy applications, while non-viral methods, such as lipid-mediated transfection, polyethylenimine (PEI), dendrimer complexes, electroporation, microinjection, and biolistic delivery, provide safer alternatives but often exhibit lower efficiency, necessitating optimization. Lipid-based transfection remains one of the most widely used methods, particularly lipofection, due to its ease of use and efficiency in commonly used cell lines like HEK293 and HeLa cells. Electroporation is effective for challenging cell types, such as primary neurons and stem cells, though high cell mortality rates necessitate careful optimization. Transfection has significantly contributed to gene therapy, particularly for genetic disorders such as cystic fibrosis, hemophilia, and spinal muscular atrophy, with viral vectors employed in CAR-T cell therapy for cancer treatment showing promising results in hematological malignancies. Recent advances in mRNA transfection have revolutionized vaccine development, exemplified by mRNA vaccines for COVID-19, demonstrating the potential for further therapeutic applications. However, challenges remain, including achieving high transfection efficiency while maintaining cell viability, especially in primary cells and stem cells, which are more resistant to transfection than immortalized cell lines. Cytotoxicity and off-target effects limit the clinical utility of transfection, particularly in gene therapy, where insertional mutagenesis poses significant safety risks. The cost of scaling transfection for therapeutic applications, such as CAR-T cell production, remains prohibitive. Future research will focus on overcoming these limitations while advancing the clinical applications of transfection for therapeutic gene delivery and personalized medicine. Overall, as new materials, technologies, and optimization strategies are developed, the efficacy, safety, and applicability of transfection techniques will likely improve, enhancing their role as cornerstones of molecular biology and biotechnology.