Background: Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a serious global public health problem, with WHO Western Pacific and African region worst hit. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of HBV infection and its associated factors among pregnant women accessing Ante-Natal Care (ANC) at a tertiary hospital in Enugu State, South-East Nigeria. Methods: This was a prospective cohort study that involved all the women that attended ANC of a tertiary hospital in Enugu State Nigeria for a period of 12 months (June 2020-May 2021). Data was retrieved from the patient’s ante-natal cards and entered into a pro forma. Data was analysed using SPSS version 25 and variables were presented as frequencies, percentages, means, and standard deviation. Chi-square test was used to determine factors that affected the prevalence of HBV with the level of significance set at p ≤ 0.05. Results: All the ANC attendees in the hospital were tested for HBV with annual prevalence of 1.0%. The mean age of the women was 29.78±4.70 with a range of 16-46 years. Women aged 31 – 40 years, married and with tertiary education had the highest HBV prevalence. Occupation and parity were the only factors associated with the prevalence of HBV. Conclusion: The Prevalence of HBV among the pregnant women showed low endemicity.

Background: Postpartum haemorrhage(PPH) represents one of the main cause of maternal mortality worldwide, most of which occur in low- and middle- income countries. Easy use of uterotonics, uterine compression sutures, and arterial ligation may be used to control haemorrhage. The aim of the study was to evaluate different types of surgical methods of controlling post-partum haemorrhage in tertiary care hospital. Methodology: This is a retrospective cohort study. Total number of deliveries from past 5 years conducted in dept of OBGY, smt. Kashibai Navale Medical College and General hospital Pune, Maharashtra, India were included in this study. Patients records were retrieved. Data regarding type of delivery need of surgical managment of PPH and method used were recorded. Data collected on proforma and the same was analysed using suitable statistical analysis. Results: Out of total conducted deliveries 19673, 163 cases needed surgical intervention to control PPH and achieve homeostasis.

Background: There is no significant change in the maternal mortality ratio and neonatal mortality rate, an analysis of data in the Directorate General of Health Services dashboard shows that since the beginning of the COVID-19 crisis, there is a significant reduction in the uptake of maternal and newborn health services from the health facilities. Objective: The aim of the study was to evaluate Pregnancy rate of during COVID-19 pandemic: Single center experience in Bangladesh. Method: The present study was prospective observational study of Pregnancy rate of during COVID-19 pandemic in 101 cases of Pregnancy rate in between 18-45 years women with pregnancy, from April 2011 to September 2011. Patients with medical complications like anemia, preexisting hypertension, diabetes, vascular or renal disease, multiple gestations, uterine or fetal anomalies etc. are excluded from the study. Detailed history, physical examinations were carried out and appropriate management instituted as per individual patients need. Statistical analysis of the results was obtained by using window-based computer software devised with Statistical Packages for Social Sciences (SPSS-22). Results: In table-I shows age distribution of the patients where most of the patients (24.75%) belong to during covid-19 31-35 years age group. Birth distribution of the patients of the months where most of the 8 birth frequency belong to during covid-19 Jun (2020). Conclusion: Continue breastfeeding their baby even if they are infected or suspect being infected as the virus has not been found in samples of breastmilk. Mothers with COVID-19 should wear a mask when feeding their baby; wash hands before and after touching the baby; and routinely clean and disinfect surfaces. The study found that maternal pregnancy rates were higher than during the Covid-19.

Background: Wound sepsis continues to be a bugbear of emergency abdominal surgery where the producer is often inevitably performed on infected tissue. Wound infection causes prolongation of convalesces, prolonged hospital stay, permanent disability, economic loss, production of dangerous focus of infection in the ward, ugly scar and it is intimately related to the fame of the surgeon. The aim of the study was to evaluate aetiopathological of surgical site wound infection after caesarean section. Methods: The study was conducted at the Sher-e-Bangla Medical College Hospital, Barisal, Bangladesh to evaluate the Aetiopathological of surgical site wound infection after caesarean section. A total of 100 cases were chosen by random sampling with different maternity units from September 2007 to August 2008. The results were statistically analyzed with Statistical Packages for Social Sciences (SPSS-24). Results: Serosanguineous and foul smelling wound discharge were present in 70% of the cases. Culture of wound discharge showed growth in 67% of the cases and the organisms responsible for most wound infections originated on the patient’s skin. Staphylococcus aureus was the organism most commonly isolated. Escherichia coli was found as the second most common organism, followed by Pseudomonas, klebsiella, pneumonia, actinobacter and proteus. Conclusions: Proper operative site skin preparation (e.g. with povidone iodine) which greatly contributes to reduction of wound infection. Personal cleanliness, smooth gentle handing of tissues, proper haemostasis are all-important. This is possible only by careful surgeons.

Background: To about 15% to 25% of early pregnancies have vaginal bleeding? Vaginal bleeding in the first trimester of pregnancy affects 50 % of pregnant women, although the event may be controlled in various methods that alleviate the woman's concern. Pregnancy-related vaginal bleeding should be taken carefully. Vaginal bleeding during pregnancy might be a sign of an approaching miscarriage or a problem that requires immediate attention. If you know the most frequent reasons for vaginal bleeding during pregnancy, you will be able to act quickly and effectively. Methods: The study was a descriptive observational one with a sample size of 100 patients and was performed at the Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Rajshahi Medical College Hospital, Rajshahi, Bangladesh. The study period was 15th July 2013 to 16th January 2014. Results: Among the 100 patients in this study maximum was within 21 to 30 years (53%). In most cases (57%), heavy bleeding was present in 15% of patients. Patients with heavy bleeding had a positive history of pain (80%), but the amount was reduced in the light or spotting group (61.18%). Fifty-seven percent of patients experienced bleeding for 2 to 3 days. Most patients (43%) reported bleeding during 8 to 10 weeks of gestation. This study showed that early pregnancy PV bleeding is more common in multigravida patients. History of stillbirth, IUD or abortion was proved to be strong predictors. DM and anaemia were found to be important associated diseases. In this study, 91% of patients were diagnosed as a case of abortion. Ectopic pregnancy was present in 5% of patients, and only 4 patients were found to have a molar pregnancy. In patients with abortion, incomplete is the maximum one (56.04%), next missed (23.08%), and threatened (14.28%). Complete was present in 6.59% of patients. 69.23% of patients continued their pregnancy in case of threatened abortion with a conservative. But 23.08% converted to incomplete and 7.69% to missed. Missed abortions were successfully treated with vaginal misoprostol in 38% of patients. Evacuation & curettage was done in 78.43% of patients with incomplete abortion, and patients with less bleeding and stability (21.57%) were given oral misoprostol. This was effective in 63.63% of patients. All 5 cases of ectopic pregnancy were treated with laparotomy, and in molar pregnancy cases, the only treatment was suction, Evacuation and curettage. Conclusion: The findings of this study, despite its limitations, give crucial new information regarding early pregnancy bleeding, including statistics on the timing, heaviness and length, color, and overall number of episodes. Pregnancy outcomes will be examined as a possible link between bleeding episodes and early pregnancy biology, placental pathophysiology, and pregnancy outcomes.

Introduction: Amniotomy is an artificial rupture of the egg's membranes using a membrane piercer through the cervical opening of the uterus. It is an invasive method of induction and stimulation of labour that may increase the risk of complications during labour and early postpartum. Objective: to evaluate the impact of amniotomy on maternal and fetal outcomes during labor, delivery, and early postpartum. Methods: This was a case-control study with retrospective data collection over a period of 6 months from March to August 2017 at the maternity ward of the Gynaecological-Obstetric and Paediatric Hospital in Yaoundé. Women who received amniotomy (exposed group) were compared to those who did not receive amniotomy (unexposed group). The data collected were entered and analyzed on Epi-info 3.5.1 and Statistical Package For Social Science SPSS 20.0 software. Comparison of variables was done using Chi-square (X2) and Fisher's exact test. The association between amniotomy and the different variables was measured using the relative risk (RR) and its 95% confidence interval (CI). P < 5% was considered significant. Results: A total of 193 deliveries were recorded and divided into 110 cases of amniotomy and 83 spontaneous rupture of membranes. The frequency of amniotomy was 76.92% in our study. Maternal complications occurred in 38.2% of cases in the amniotomy group and in 32.5% of cases in the second group with a P value of 0.255 (not significant). Fetal and neonatal complications occurred in 13.6% of cases of amniotomy and 21.7% of spontaneous rupture of membranes during labour and 13 cases of amniotomy versus 11 cases of spontaneous rupture of membranes in the early post partum period. The difference was not statistically significant between the two groups for the occurrence of complications (P=0.410). Conclusion and recommendation: At the end of our study, it appears that amniotomy is very frequent in our environment, but its realization has no proven impact on the fate of the mother and the fetus.

Background: Blood transfusions, crucial for emergency obstetric care, can significantly reduce maternal mortality rates. Obstetric transfusions are often urgent and unpredictable. Common emergencies include hemorrhages from ectopic pregnancy, abortions, and placenta previa. Transfusion rates vary globally, with 0.2%-3.2% in high-resource countries and higher in low-resource areas. Despite their benefits, transfusions carry risks such as allergic reactions and infection transmission. Aim of the study: The study aims to ascertain the indications and risk factors associated with blood transfusions in obstetric and gynecological patients. Methods: This retrospective observational study at the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU), Dhaka, Bangladesh, analyzed indications and risk factors for blood transfusions in obstetrics and gynecology patients over one year. It included 115 women, with 110 obstetrics and 5 gynecology patients. Inclusion criteria covered women undergoing cesarean sections, vaginal deliveries, or other gynecological treatments and those with obstetric complications like postpartum hemorrhage. Exclusion criteria included women needing transfusions after seven days postpartum or with congenital bleeding disorders. Result: The majority of participants (66.96%) were aged 21-30, with 85.22% from low socioeconomic backgrounds. The mean BMI was 22.55±4.07. Most women (69.57%) were in the 31-40 weeks gestational age range. Multigravida and primigravida were 51.30% and 44.35%, respectively. Over half (57.6%) were not booked for antenatal care. Cesarean sections were the most common delivery method (60.87%). Vaginal delivery was the most frequent intervention (33.91%). Blood transfusion was mainly due to postpartum anemia (39.13%). Packed cell volume was the most transfused product (62.28%). Most (94.78%) had no transfusion reactions, with urticarial rash in 2.61% of cases. Conclusion: The study found that blood transfusions in obstetrics and gynecology are mainly due to severe anemia, postpartum hemorrhage, and complications like placenta previa and DIC. Most transfusions occurred in women aged 21-30, primarily multigravida and unbooked patients, indicating a need for better antenatal care. Packed cell volume was the most common blood product used.

Background: Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is a common endocrine disorder affecting women of reproductive age, often linked to weight gain and metabolic issues. Managing weight effectively reduces PCOS symptoms and enhances reproductive and metabolic health. This study seeks to assess the effects of a structured weight management program on clinical and metabolic parameters in women with PCOS. Methods: This pre-and post-observational study was conducted at Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, Bangladesh, from January 2016 to December 2019. A total of 200 women diagnosed with PCOS are included in this study. Data were collected before and after a 12-week intervention focused on lifestyle modification, including dietary counselling and physical activity. Anthropometric, clinical, and metabolic variables were assessed. Data analysis was performed using SPSS (version 25.0). Paired t-tests were used to compare pre-and post-intervention outcomes, with a significance threshold of p < 0.05. Results: Significant post-intervention improvements were observed in the metabolic, hormonal, menstrual, and psychological parameters in women with PCOS. Reductions were noted in fasting glucose (4.9 ± 0.7 mmol/L), insulin (10.4 ± 3.8 μU/mL), and total testosterone (1.8 ± 0.3 nmol/L). Ovulation frequency increased (3.2 ± 1.7 cycles/year), while depression and anxiety scores significantly declined (p < 0.01 across parameters). Conclusion: A structured weight management approach effectively enhances clinical symptoms and metabolic profiles in women with PCOS. These results highlight the significance of lifestyle intervention as a primary treatment strategy in managing PCOS.