Polycystic ovarian syndrome is most common heterogeneous problem affecting seriously women’s lives in their fertile age group. Obesity, infertility, insulin resistance, increased type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease (CVD) are risk factors frequently present with PCOS. Among these, anovulation infertility is one of the most alarming situation. Obesity also stands out as it has reached its epidemic proportions. Objective: The objective of this study was sonographic correlation of PCOS with obesity by measuring subcutaneous fat at suprapubic region. Material and methods: A total 138 sample size was selected according to Prevalence of PCOS based on AE- PCOS Society. Both 69 Patients with PCOS and 69 without PCOS were included. Toshiba Xario machine was used at Gosh-e-Shifa hospital, Lahore. Both transvaginal and transabdominal (linear and convex) were used. Specific scanning protocols were used. Results: The 69 (50%), individuals who were diagnosed with PCOS, few of them had previous history of PCOS. Total 10 (14.4%) patients out of 69 patients had prior history of PCOS. The other 69 (50%) patients are normal. The clinical symptoms of patients and sonographic criteria for PCO collectively used to diagnose PCOS and normal patients. Then suprapubic subcutaneous fat was measured. The mean of measurements was taken and correlated the both type of individuals with their corresponding fat thickness. The result showed that the patients with PCOS had more subcutaneous fat thickness comparatively to subcutaneous fat thickness of normal patients. The patients with PCOS showed more subcutaneous fat thickness at suprapubic region than normal patients .This study concluded that PCOS and suprapubic subcutaneous fat thickness are correlated with each other

Introduction: Aoritc Augmentation indexes (AIxs) and pulse wave velocity (Pwv) are arterial stiffness parameters. They can be studied by pulse wave analysis noninvasively. Before use, AoAix and Pwv need normative baseline study to find the predictors. However the data about arterial stiffness from rural population of Andhrapradesh is still undetermined. Method: Pwv and AoAix was measured in the carotid-femoral pathway in 1235 rural inhabitants of Nellore district and clinical parameters were recorded. Result: Pwv was greater after the fourth decade of life (8.12 ± 1.5) than in youngers less than 40 years. The Pwv was higher in hypertensives of older than 40 years, diabetics and dyslipidemic patients. Major positive significant predictors of PWV were age, Body Mass Index, and systolic blood pressure; whereas for AIx was age alone. Conclusion: This is the first study conducted in 1235 subjects of rural population of Nellore district which determines the relationship of Pwv with age and other risk factors. Pwv shows a lower in subjects less than 40 years compared to older persons with a strong relationship to the process of arterial aging, the development of hypertension and cardiovascular risk. This baseline data can be used as a reference for future studies.

Introduction: Urbanization is associated with higher prevalence of cardiovascular disease worldwide. Aortic stiffness, as measured by pulse wave velocity (Pwv) is a validated predictor of cardiovascular disease. However, in India, there are few population-based studies regarding pulse wave velocity and augmentation index (Aix). Method: Our aim is to determine vascular ageing measured by pulse wave velocity and the arterial augmentation index in urban population. Pulse wave velocity and augmentation index and was measured in 292 urban population subjects without any ECG changes. Results: Normal PWV and the 95% confidence intervals values were obtained in 20-29 year age group (compared to 30–39, 40–49, and 50–60 age groups. The mean Pwv found was 5.85 m/s ± 1.25 (range: 4.86–8.47). PWV increases linearly with aging with a high degree of correlation; with low dispersion in younger subjects. Pwv progressively increases 6–8% with each decade of life; this tendency is more pronounced after 40 years. A significant increase of Pwv between hypertensive versus nonhypertensive, diabetes vs non-diabetes groups were demonstrated. This is the first population-based study from urban population of Nellore that provides normal values of the Pwv in these region. Augmentation index was also increased significantly in both diabetic and hypertensive groups. Conclusion: The findings of present study suggest that, although related, peripheral augmentation index AIx and Pwv provide early identification of high risk groups. Implication of life style modification is the first intervention to consider in adults followed by drug therapy to control risk factors. Specifically, AIx might provide a more sensitive marker of arterial aging in younger individuals

Estimated fetal weight has a great significance in obstetrical ultrasound, as this gives the information about fetal growth and assist in planning the mode of labour management. Various formulas are used for estimating the fetal weight. Vintzileos’ formula, in which there is an addition of fetal thigh circumference along with biparietal diameter, abdominal circumference and femur length correlates well with actual birth weight however it is slightly less accurate in predicting the birth weight than Hadlock’s formula. Objective: To correlate the fetal thigh circumference at 36-40 weeks ultrasonographically with birth weight. Method: A cross sectional analytical study involving 236 patients was conducting in the radiological department of Mansoorah Hospital, Lahore, Pakistan using Toshiba Nemio 30 with 2-5 MHz transducer. Results: Mean of actual birth weight is 3.3424 + 0.42374 which is different from the mean of EFW by Vintzileos i.e. 3.4504 + 0.08968 whereas it is similar to mean of Hadlock’s formula i.e. 3.3199 + 0.35452. Correlation between EFW by Vintzileos’ formula and actual birth weight is 0.319 more significant than the correlation between EFW by Hadlock’s formula and actual birth weight i.e. 0.300. Conclusion: Hadlock’ formula is more accurate in predicting the actual birth weight than the Vintzileos’ formula. However, due to its stronger correlation with birth weight thigh circumference can be used as an alternative parameter to biparietal diameter for estimating the birth weight at or near term when biparietal diameter becomes difficult to measure because of fetal head position down to pelvic bone.

Objectives: This study was undertaken to compare the urine protein to creatinine ratio with 24-hour urine protein estimation in pregnancy complicated by hypertension and to establish the cut-off value of the urine protein to creatinine ratio for predicting significant 24-hour proteinuria. Design: This is a comparative study and consists of a single group of 240 subjects. Setting: This study was conducted in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology in collaboration with the Department of Biochemistry, JIPMER, Pondicherry, India, from February 2011 to January 2013. Population: The subjects included 240 pregnant women admitted after 20 weeks of gestation to the JIPMER hospital with hypertension (≥140/90 mmHg). Patients with known cases of renal diseases, diabetes and urinary tract infection were excluded. Methods: A first voided morning sample was obtained for urine protein and creatinine estimation and urine culture. Subsequent urine samples were collected for the 24-hour urine protein estimation. Main outcome measures: The spot urine protein to creatinine ratio and 24-hour urine protein were significantly correlated (r=0.98; P<0.0001). The cut-off value for the protein to creatinine ratio as an indicator of protein excretion ≥300 mg/day was 0.285. The sensitivity and specificity were 100% and 99.02%, respectively. The positive and negative predictive values were 100% and 99%, respectively. Results: The cut-off value for the protein to creatinine ratio as an indicator of protein excretion ≥300 mg/day was 0.285 with significant correlation. Conclusion: The spot urine protein to creatinine ratio is valuable for clinical purposes.

Purpose of the study: This study was undertaken to evaluate histopathological spectrum of endometrial cancer in women undergoing surgery for carcinoma endometrium in a tertiary hospital in South India for a period of 5 years (2007-2012). Design: It is retrospective study. Setting: This study was revive of medical records in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology in collaboration with the Department of medical record section, JIPMER, Pondicherry, India, from January 2007 to December 2012. Population: The subjects included 121 women who underwent surgery for carcinoma endometrium during the study period. Materials and Methods: The medical records of all patients who underwent surgery for carcinoma endometrium were revived. Stage of the disease, surgery performed, co-existing risk factors like diabetes, hypertension and obesity, prophylactic antibiotics, intra operative and postoperative studied. Main outcome measures: Out of the 121 women who underwent surgery for endometrial carcinoma, majority 47 (39%) of them were in the age group of 51-60 years. Majority of women (94%) presented with postmenopausal bleeding. All 121 patients underwent extrafascial hysterectomy and bilateral salpingooopherectomy. Surgicopathological staging showed majority early stage. Mean duration of hospitalization was 14 days and 66 patients received postoperative radiotherapy. Results: In our study majority were endometriod adenocarcinoma (91.74%), followed by serous carcinoma (4.13%) and mixed cell carcinoma (1.65%) with least being leomyosarcoma (0.83%). Complex atypical hyperplasia was present in 0ne patient (0.83%). Conclusion: Endometriod adenocarcinoma is most common histopathological type of carcinoma endometrium in south India

By Universal adoption of first and second trimester screening, the rate of detection of congenital anomalies has been improved with sensitives ranging up to 85-90%, but their detection at an advanced gestational age becomes a dilemma for the patient as well as the obstetrician. With this article we share our experience, dilemma and doubts about some of these rare surgically correctable anomalies managed at our institute