Abstract: Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy are the most common but a leading cause of maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality. The present study was done to identify the possible risk factors for the hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. This hospital based case-control study was done on 250 normotensive and 250 women with hypertensive disorders of pregnancy were included after obtaining informed consent. Data were collected on socio-demographic profile, obstetric history, history of hypertension in previous pregnancy, family history, pre pregnancy weight, height and BMI. Data were entered in the MS Excel sheet and statistically analysed. Odds ratio with 95% confidence interval was used to calculate impact of different variables on the risk of presenting hypertension. The occurrence of hypertensive disorders in pregnancy was found significantly higher in the age group ≥30 years, nulliparity or Primipara, family history of hypertension and history of hypertension in previous pregnancy. Women with history of stillbirth were 5 times more at risk of having hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. No statistically significant relationship was found between hypertensive disorders in pregnancy with educational status, religion, residence and socioeconomic status, gravidity and history of abortion. Identifications of risk factors for hypertensive disorders during pregnancy will help in planning treatment of hypertension and preventing complications through regular antenatal check-up.

Abstract: Poor Maternal nutrition, especially in rural setting adversely affects pregnancy and birth outcome. In all cultures, certain beliefs exist surrounding what facilitates a good pregnancy and its outcome as well as negative sanctions. Taboo and misconception regarding food, nutrition, rituals which people follow are discussed in this study. A Cross- sectional study was done on females attending ante natal care OPD at tertiary care hospital at Jaipur. A predesigned questionnaire was used. Before interview, subjects were informed the purpose of the study. All pregnant women attending the OPD were interviewed regarding different kind of beliefs, misbelieves, taboos related to pregnancy, diet, food habits, and breastfeeding. Out of 400 women interviewed 50 percent were between 20-30 yrs and 36 percent were illiterate. Most common taboos were use of knife or kala tika to prevent evil eye, use of herbal medications for having son, covering of head and ears after delivery and use of castor oil or ghee to facilitate normal delivery and avoidance of certain foods, considering them hot and cold. Reasons were many as they cause abortions, difficult labour. Larger population of women and their families still believe in old unscientific tales. With increase in literacy status such taboos and misconception can be removed. There is need of nutritional education and awareness generation among women.

Abstract: Abnormal uterine bleeding is the most common complaint in gynecology. Dilatation and Curettage is a blind procedure. Hysteroscopy has ushered in a new era in the evaluation of abnormal uterine bleeding. By direct visualization of the uterine cavity it is able to pin point the etiology. This study evaluates the role of hysteroscopy in the diagnosis of Abnormal Uterine Bleeding and its correlation with histopathological findings. The Prospective study was conducted in Department Of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Mahatma Gandhi Institute Of Medical Sciences ,a Rural tertiary Hospital of Central India over a period of one year. A total of 50 subjects ,women of age group 30-60 years, in one year, having abnormal uterine bleeding were included in study. Prospective study was done to know hysteroscopic correlation with histopathology. In this study abnormal findings on hysteroscopy were found in 26 patients (52%), while in the remaining 24 patients (48%) no abnormality was detected. The results of hysteroscopy and dilatation and curettage were in agreement in 84% patients, hysteroscopy revealed more information than curettage in 12 % patients and curettage revealed more information than hysteroscopy in 4% patients. Hysteroscopy is an important diagnostic tool in evaluation of AUB and can be considered superior to curettage. It is a safe, reliable, feasible and quick procedure.

Abstract: Abnormal and heavy bleeding during menses is a one of the common menstrual abnormality during puberty and adolescence. Puberty menorrhagia is most often due to physiological immaturity of neuro hormonal mechanism of control of menstruation and ovulation. Sometimes it may be an expression of some hidden endocrinal or haematological disturbance. A prospective cross sectional study was carried out to analyse the demographic profile, clinical presentation and treatment outcome of 28 cases of puberty menorrhagia reported over a period of three years at Pravara Rural Hospital, Loni, Ahmednagar district in Maharashtra. It was observed that 54 percent of cases were in the age group of 13-14 years. The duration of symptom was less than three months in 61 percent cases. Anaemia was observed in 93% of cases, of which 50% cases had severe anaemia. Anovulatory DUB was the commonest cause (75% cases) for menorrhagia, other causes being Hypothyroidism (11% cases) and Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (7% cases). Majority of cases responded to either progestogen therapy (64%) and remaining to either combination of oestrogen and progesterone (32%) or oestrogen (4%) alone. All cases were given haemostatic agents in the form of either ethamsylate or tranexamic acid.Oral iron supplements were given to all cases. Cases with hypothyroidism and idiopathic thrombocytopenia were treated with throxine and platelet transfusions respectively. Six cases (21.42%) required admission in intensive care unit for severe anemia with haemoglobin percentage of less than 2.5gram percent. One girl succumbed to congestive cardiac failure due to severe anaemia. She had reported in gasping condition in casualty. Puberty menorrhagia is one of the commonest menstrual abnormalities during adolescent age group. The heavy menstrual blood loss may result into anaemia and panic reaction in girl child and her parents. Early consultation with Gynaecologist, performance of necessary investigations and treatment with hormones, haemostatic and haematinic drugs usually give relief.

Abstract: Vesico-uterine fistula (VUF) is an uncommon urogenital fistula. Menouria is an important clinical feature of this fistula. A case report of VUF following cesarean sections is reported. There were several investigations done to arrive at a diagnosis of VUF. This case was successfully managed by surgical repair. One year following the repair she conceived and currently she is ten weeks of pregnant. VUF can be prevented by good surgical techniques.

Abstract: The most common gynaecological malignancy is the Cancer of the cervix and it is the second most frequent cancer in women worldwide. Cancer of the cervix is one of the commonest gynecological cancers in Sri Lanka. The squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is the predominant histologic type of cervical cancer seen across the globe. This retrospective Hospital based study was conducted for five and a half years period. During this period 508 cervical specimens were taken for analysis. A total of 52 cases of cancerous lesions of uterine cervix were undertaken in the department of pathology for this study. Remaining lesions were benign. There were 508 cervical tissue specimens were analysed during this period. Only 52 were malignant and remains were benign. Majority of cervical cancers were met during (96.2%) cervical biopsy either punch or cone biopsy. Patients’ ages ranged from 29-77 years with peak age incidence of cancer was 50-59 years. Majority of patients (36.5%) presented with per vaginal whitish discharge and it is followed by (32.7%) irregular/excessive per vaginal bleeding. Squamous cell carcinoma was the most common histological type; followed by adenocarcinoma 11.5%, and other1.9% infrequent tumour subtypes. According to Broder’s grading system, moderately and poorly differentiated at the time of initial diagnosis and constituting cases as20%,71.1%) and8.9% respectively. During the study period and SCC is the commonest histological type. Most of the women presented late. Therefore public health must be reinforced to detect them in premalignant stage through regular PAP smear programme. Further when women present with abnormal menstruation always to visualize the cervix with speculum examination suspicious lesion need biopsy. There is a need to establish a rational and organized national and local screening program to reduce the prevalence of cancer of the cervix in our community.