Background: Chlamydia trachomatis is a prevalent sexually transmitted bacterium that significantly impacts reproductive health, especially in women. Its infection rate is notably higher than gonorrhea, with over 1.6 million cases reported in 2021. Often asymptomatic, it can lead to severe complications like tubal damage, infertility, and ectopic pregnancy. Aim of the study: The study aims to identify the risk factors for ectopic pregnancy and explore the potential association between serological evidence of Chlamydia infection with ectopic pregnancy. Methods: This prospective case-control study analyzed Chlamydia trachomatis infection associated with tubal ectopic pregnancy at the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Community Based Medical College Hospital Bangladesh (CBMCB) from January 2024 to December 2024. Ninety-six participants were equally divided into case (N=48) and control (N=48) groups. The case group included women diagnosed with tubal ectopic pregnancy, confirmed histopathologically, while the control group consisted of women with uncomplicated second-trimester pregnancies. Serological assays measured Chlamydia IgG antibodies using BIOS Chlamydia T. IgG ELISA kits. Data were analyzed with SPSS software. Result: The age distribution showed significant differences, with more participants aged 20–24 in the control group (50%) than in the case group (29.17%) and more aged 25–34 in the case group (52.08%) than in the control group (27.63%). Marital status was also significant, with all control group participants married and 12.5% of the case group single. The case group had higher IgG titers and chlamydial antibodies. Significant differences were found in parity, history of ectopic pregnancy, PID, and infertility, with higher rates in the case group. No significant differences were found in occupation, residence, smoking, or other factors. Conclusion: This study found a significant association between Chlamydia trachomatis infection and increased risk of tubal ectopic pregnancy. Women with ectopic pregnancies had higher Chlamydia IgG titers. The findings highlight the importance of early screening and treatment of chlamydial infections to prevent complications like pelvic inflammatory disease and tubal damage.

Background: Health is a basic human need and fundamental human right. The health status of developing countries of the world is miserable and unacceptable. A large segment of the population in developing countries is deprived to access to basic health care and carry ill health. Although the impact of education on health is important for economic policy in developing countries, the overwhelming majority of research to identify the health returns to education has been done using data from developed countries. Education plays a central role in modern labor markets. Hundreds of studies in many different countries and time periods have confirmed that better-educated individuals earn higher wages, experience less unemployment, and work in more prestigious occupations than their less-educated counterparts. Objective: This study was aimed at assessing the impact of education and income on health status and associated factors of people in rural area of Bangladesh. Materials and Methods: The community-based comparative cross- sectional study was conducted in Sirajganj, Kamarkhand Upazila in Sirajganj district situated in the northern part of Bangladesh from 01 May to 20 September 2023. Data was collected with a semi structured questionnaire. Collected data were analyzed with statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) version 22.0.390 rural respondents were included in the study. Age groups 26 to 35 were the major age group. Majority 129 (86%) were Muslim with lower socio-economic status of 69 (46%). Result: In general, the (24%) take balance diet regularly and the (76%) do not take balance diet regularly. Followed by (64%) participants get enough food every day and 36% don’t get enough food. One of the central findings of this study is the significant impact of education on health status among rural residents. The data indicates that individuals with higher levels of education tend to report better health. This aligns with the existing literature, which consistently demonstrates the positive association between education and health outcomes. Conclusion: This research contributes to the broader discourse on social determinants of health and provides a foundation for evidence-based policymaking and interventions aimed at promoting health equity in rural areas.

Background: Historically, "Once a C-section, always a C-section" was the norm, but advances in surgical techniques have shifted toward encouraging VBAC. Understanding factors for successful VBAC can reduce cesarean rates, improve recovery, and enhance maternal health. Our study aims to support safe VBAC implementation, promoting better outcomes and patient autonomy. Aim: To find out the clinical determinants and Obstetric outcome in Vaginal Birth after a Previous Caesarean Section. Material and Methods: This study is a descriptive, observational, cross-sectional research conducted over two years at the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology of DVVP Pravara Rural Hospital, Loni, with a sample size of 100 participants. The primary aim is to evaluate factors influencing successful Vaginal Birth After Cesarean (VBAC) in women who have a history of a previous single lower segment cesarean section (LSCS) at the same hospital. Data were collected from eligible participants and analyzed using suitable statistical tests to identify trends and correlations. Results: Our study aims to assess the safety and feasibility of VBAC in a tertiary care setting, focusing on key factors such as maternal age, BMI, inter-delivery interval, previous obstetric history, and the indication for the initial cesarean. By identifying predictors of successful VBAC, the findings will help improve clinical decision-making and patient counseling. The study was approved by the ethical committee, and participants provided written informed consent. Standard protocols for VBAC management were followed, with senior obstetricians making the decision. Continuous electronic fetal monitoring ensured maternal and fetal wellbeing during labor. Conclusion: VBAC can be a safe option for women with a history of a single LSCS, provided there are no contraindications. A multidisciplinary approach, continuous fetal monitoring, and partographs improve safety and timely intervention. Senior obstetricians’ involvement enhances success rates. Favorable outcomes indicate VBAC can reduce repeat cesareans, lowering surgical risks and costs.

Fibrous polyp: it is a fibroid, endocavitary, pedunculated and delivered through the uterine cervix with a pedicle arising from the uterine fundus or one of the walls of the uterine cavity. Their treatment is surgical and requires skill and a suitable technical platform. To our knowledge, no cases have been published in Mali. We report a fibrous polyp occurring in a 41-year-old patient, multi-gesture 5th procedure 5th parous with 5 living children, evacuated from a community health center located 60 km away, who presented episodes of metrorrhagia. The gynecological examination shows the presence of a “fibroid” delivered through the cervix. She was surgically managed vaginally for lumpectomy. It was a mass composed histologically of uterine leiomyofibroma remodeled by inflammation.

Background: Preterm Premature Rupture of Membranes (PPROM) is a significant obstetric complication associated with adverse maternal and neonatal outcomes. Identifying early hematological markers could aid in risk prediction and preventive strategies. This study investigates the association between Mean Platelet Volume (MPV) and Platelet Count (PC) measured at 11–13 weeks of gestation with the risk of PPROM. Methods: This prospective cohort study was conducted at the Department of Fetomaternal Medicine and Obstetrics and Gynecology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU), from September 2022 to August 2023 included 73 pregnant women who underwent MPV and PC measurement at 11–13 weeks of gestation. Participants were monitored until delivery for PPROM occurrence. Diagnostic efficacy was assessed using Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve analysis, and risk estimation was performed using relative risk (RR) calculations. Results: PPROM occurred in 9 out of 73 participants (12.3%). A significantly lower MPV (≤8.0 fL) was observed in 77.8% of PPROM cases compared to 6.3% in the non-PPROM group (p<0.001), with a relative risk (RR) of 19.73. The combination of high PC (≥294,000/cu.mm) and low MPV (≤8.0 fL) was present in 44.4% of PPROM cases versus 4.7% in the non-PPROM group (p=0.003), with an RR of 7.54. ROC analysis showed that MPV had an AUC of 0.856, with 77.8% sensitivity, 93.8% specificity, 98.9% positive predictive value (PPV), and 37.2% negative predictive value (NPV), indicating a stronger predictive value than PC. Conclusion: MPV measured at 11–13 weeks of gestation is a strong predictor of PPROM, with better diagnostic accuracy than PC. The combination of low MPV and high PC further strengthens this association. Early screening using MPV may help identify high-risk pregnancies, allowing for closer monitoring and timely interventions.

Infertility remains a significant public health concern in Bangladesh, with evolving socio-demographic, medical, and lifestyle factors influencing reproductive health. This study compares infertility patterns among Bangladeshi couples between 2007 and 2024 to identify key contributing factors and assess changes over time. A comparative cross-sectional study was conducted using data from 2007 and 2024. The study population included couples seeking infertility treatment at selected healthcare centers in Bangladesh. Data were collected through structured questionnaires and medical record reviews. Statistical analyses were performed using STATA 17 to evaluate trends in infertility prevalence, associated factors, and reproductive health outcomes. Among couples seeking infertility treatment, the proportion of female infertility cases increased from 43% in 2007 to 94.2% in 2024, while male infertility cases declined from 36% to 9.1%. Primary infertility cases accounted for 67% in 2007 but decreased to 51.9% in 2024, whereas secondary infertility increased from 33% to 48.1% over the same period. The proportion of women with irregular menstrual cycles and endocrine disorders, such as polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), rose significantly. Positive lifestyle modifications were observed, including reduced smoking and increased physical activity. Surgical histories showed a decline in laparotomy procedures among females and a shift toward minimally invasive interventions. The findings highlight shifting infertility trends, with a rise in female infertility and associated endocrine disorders. Improvements in lifestyle factors and reproductive healthcare access suggest progress in infertility management. Targeted public health strategies, enhanced diagnostic capabilities, and evidence-based interventions are essential to address the evolving infertility landscape in Bangladesh.

Background: Cervical cancer remains one of the most prevalent cancers globally and a leading cause of cancer-related deaths among women. Early detection and precise prognostic assessment are vital for enhancing outcomes in cervical cancer patients. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the predictive value of preoperative PLR and serum albumin levels for clinicopathological outcomes in cervical cancer. Aim of the Study: The aim of the study was to evaluate the predictive value of preoperative Platelet-to-Lymphocyte Ratio and Serum Albumin levels on clinicopathological outcomes in patients with cervical cancer. Methods: This cross-sectional study, conducted at the Department of Gynecological Oncology, BSMMU, Dhaka (July 2022–June 2023), analyzed 120 women with early-stage (IA-IIA) cervical cancer to assess the association of PLR, S.Albumin for clinicopathological outcome using SPSS 27.0. Data included socio-demographics, clinical details, and serum markers. Results: The majority of participants were aged 30-44 years (46.7%) and married before 18 years of age (83.3%). Most had a PLR <128.3 (62.2%) and SA ≥3.5 (57.8%). Larger tumors (2-4 cm), higher prevalence of lymphovascular space invasion (LVSI), and deeper stromal invasion (≥½ thickness) were significantly associated with higher PLR (≥128.3) and lower SA (<3.5) (p < 0.001, p = 0.006). Conclusion: Preoperative Platelet-to-Lymphocyte Ratio and Serum Albumin levels can serve as valuable predictors of clinicopathological outcomes in cervical cancer, aiding in personalized treatment strategies.

Background: HELLP Syndrome is the severe form of preeclampsia characterised by hemolysis(H), elevated liver enzymes (EL) and low platlets count, frequently leads to adverse maternal and perinatal outcome. This study aimed to determine the incidence, complications of HELLP syndrome and evalution of Maternal and Fetal outcome at a rural tertiary care center. Methods: A prospective observational study was conducted at Department of obstetrics and gynaecology, RIMS, Adilabad during a period of one year. The analysis of data was done on all the patients diagnosed with HELLP syndrome and categorized by mississippi classification for better analysis of complications and outcome in HELLP syndrome. Results: Total 5820 women were delivered in our institute during the study period of which 572 women with Pre-eclampsia and 48 patients diagnosed with HELLP syndrome. Incidence of HELLP syndrome is 0.8 % of total deliveries and 8.3%of Pre-eclampsia patients. Most of them were primigravida 52%. Majority were in 32-36 weeks of gestational age Out of total 48 patients of HELLP syndrome,40 patients delivered vaginally and 8 patients delivered by LSCS Complications includes Ascites (27%), Postpartum hemorrhage (25%), Placental abruption (23%), Acute renal failure (16%), Pulmonary edema (10.4%), Disseminated intravascular coagulation (6.2%), Multi Organ Dysfunction (4.1%). Patients who received Blood products were 54.1% Preterm deliveries (58.3%), NICU admission (27%). Intra uterine Fetal demise (14.5%) There was no maternal mortality. Perinatal mortality rate was 43.7%. Conclusions: Vaginal delivery is allowed as better stabilization and better maternal outcome. There is increased fetal morbidity and mortality as patients came in advanced disease. Early detection and management of its complications with timely intervention to arrest further progress to reduce maternal and neonatal morbidity and mortality.

Background: Abruptio placenta is a major cause of massive obstetric hemorrhage and significant cause of maternal and neonatal morbidity and mortality worldwide and in developing countries including India. This study aimed to determine risk factors for abruptio placenta and subsequent feto-maternal outcome at a tertiary care center (hospital). Methods: A prospective study was conducted at department of obstetrics and gynaecology, RIMS Adilabad. All patients diagnosed with abruptio placenta clinically and/or sonographically were included in the study. The maternal complications and fetal outcome were analyzed in detail. Results: In this study, 82 women were diagnosed with abruption placenta. Incidence of abruptio placenta is 1.4% at our institute. Most patients in our study are multiparous (64.6%), un booked (31.7%) and are in the age group of 20-30 years (58.5%). In our study abruption placenta was mostly associated with PIH/Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (56.09%). H/o abruption placenta in previous pregnancy (12.19%), Idiopathic (23.17%), Trauma (2.4%), PROM (2.4%) are other risk factors associated with abruptio placenta. Anemia is associated with 58% of cases. Majority (54.8%) of cases delivered vaginally, 45.12% patients were delivered by LSCS. 63.14% babies were live born, 23.17% were IUD, 13.4% were stillborn. Post partum hemorrhage (19.5%), Acute renal failure (17.7%), disseminated intravascular coagulation (15.8%) are important maternal complications. Maternal mortality rate is 2.4%. Perinatal mortality is 25.6%. Conclusion: Abruption placenta is associated with poor maternal and fetal outcome. There is need to spread awareness regarding taking adequate antenatal care so that associated risk factors could be diagnosed early and treated adequately. Prompt resuscitative measures and expedition of delivery process after abruption favours good fetomaternal outcome.