Every minute of every day, a baby is born. Most babies are easily seen to be a girl or a boy. Imagine how confusing it must be when we don’t know the sex of a newborn? This is rare and it can be very upsetting for parents. During the present study, a total of 47 individuals with unassigned sex were enrolled for chromosome study. These 47 individuals in different age group were categorized into three groups namely ambiguous genitalia, Intersex and Hypospadias. In Ambiguous genitalia group, a total of seventeen individuals were enrolled for chromosome study. Of these, thirteen individuals reared as males were found to have 46, XY karyotype. In the remaining four cases reared as female sex, three were found to have 46, XX karyotype and one which was phenotypically a female was found to have 46, XY karyotype. In Intersex group, a total of fourteen individuals were enrolled for chromosome study. Of these fourteen cases of Intersex reared as male sex by their parents, thirteen were found to possess 46, XY karyotype where as one cases was found possessing 46, XX. In Hypospadias group, a total of sixteen individuals were enrolled for chromosome study and were found to have 46, XY karyotype. The purpose of the present study was to find out the chromosomal sex in these individuals. The study is first of its kind from Jammu region of Jammu and Kashmir, India.

Background: Menopause induces hormonal changes, including decreased estrogen levels, which can impact lipid metabolism and increase the risk of cardiovascular diseases in women. Objective: This comparative observational study aimed to assess the correlation between menopause and lipid profiles in women aged 35-65 years attending the General Health Check-up OPD at World College of Medical Sciences and Research in Jhajjar, Haryana, India, from January 2020 to December 2022. Methods: A total of 252 apparently healthy women, divided into premenopausal (n=126) and postmenopausal (n=126) groups, were included. Lipid profiles, including total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and very-low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL-C), were measured. Data were statistically analyzed using an independent t-test with significance set at p < 0.05. Results: In the study of 126 postmenopausal women, mean lipid profiles demonstrated notable values: total cholesterol (TC) at 191.59±35.78 mg/dl, triglycerides (TG) at 143.44±72.39 mg/dl, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) at 45.01±9.99 mg/dl, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) at 116.43±31.79 mg/dl, and very-low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL-C) at 28.69±14.48 mg/dl. Among 128 premenopausal women, mean lipid profiles were: TC 164±35.03 mg/dl, TG 125.52±65.84 mg/dl, HDL-C 41.66±7.66 mg/dl, LDL-C 96.95±31.78 mg/dl, and VLDL-C 25.10±13.17 mg/dl. Postmenopausal women exhibited significantly higher TC, TGs, LDL-C, and VLDL-C, alongside elevated cardiac risk ratios (TC/HDL and LDL/HDL), compared to premenopausal women Postmenopausal women displayed significantly higher mean levels of TC, TG, LDL-C, and VLDL-C compared to premenopausal women. Additionally, cardiac risk ratios, TC/HDL and LDL/HDL, were elevated in the postmenopausal group. Surprisingly, HDL-C levels were also significantly higher in postmenopausal women. Conclusions: Menopause is associated with unfavorable alterations in lipid profiles, including increased TC, TG, LDL-C, and VLDL-C, along with elevated cardiac risk ratios. However, HDL-C levels were unexpectedly higher in postmenopausal women. These findings underscore the importance of monitoring lipid profiles during the menopausal transition to address cardiovascular health concerns effectively.

Introduction: The COVID-19 pandemic has emerged as a global health crisis, affecting millions of individuals worldwide. As the pandemic has evolved, a critical aspect that has garnered significant attention is the impact of comorbidities on the severity and outcomes of COVID-19. Aim of the study: The aim of this study was to explore the impact of comorbidities on patients with COVID-19. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in Department of Reproductive and Child Health, National Institutes of Public Health and Social Medicine in Mohakhali, Dhaka, Bangladesh, during the period from January to December 2020. Total 202 women diagnosed with Covid-19 were included in this study. The patients were divided into two groups; patients with comorbidities and patients without comorbidities, each containing 101 patients. Result: Patients with comorbidities were older and had higher BMI compared to those without comorbidities. Common symptoms like fever and cough showed no significant difference between groups, but shortness of breath and dyspnea were more prevalent in patients with comorbidities. Hypertension (64.4%) and diabetes (51.5%) were the most frequent comorbidities. Laboratory findings indicated higher inflammation and organ stress in comorbid patients, with elevated white blood cell count, C-reactive protein, D-dimer, ferritin, and liver enzymes. Clinical outcomes were more severe in the comorbid group, with higher rates of hospitalization (94.1% vs. 74.3%), ICU admission (39.6% vs. 19.8%), and mortality (19.8% vs. 5.0%). Conclusion: This study concludes that patients with comorbidities are in higher risk. Patients with comorbidities manifests more severe symptoms and clinical feature with higher mortality rate.

Introduction: The relationship between Apgar scores and perinatal outcomes is a critical area of study in neonatal health, particularly in developing countries like Bangladesh. This study aims to explore the impact of lower Apgar scores on perinatal outcomes, providing valuable insights into neonatal health and the effectiveness of prenatal assessments. Methods: This cross-sectional study involved 150 pregnant women from a medical facility in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Participants were assessed using the Biophysical Profile (BPP) score and Apgar scores at 1 and 5 minutes post-delivery. The study focused on the association between these scores and perinatal outcomes, including birth asphyxia, neonatal death, and INCU admissions. Statistical analysis was conducted to determine the significance of these associations. Result: The majority of the study population were young, with 62% aged between 18-25 years. A significant correlation was found between lower Apgar scores at 1 minute and adverse perinatal outcomes. Specifically, 100% of neonates with a BPP score of 6 had an Apgar score of less than 7 at 1 minute, compared to only 2.65% in the BPP score 10 group. Additionally, 52% of neonates with an Apgar score of less than 7 at 1 minute experienced birth asphyxia, and 48% required INCU admission. Conclusion: The study highlights the critical role of Apgar and BPP scores in predicting adverse perinatal outcomes. Lower Apgar scores at 1 minute post-delivery are significantly associated with negative neonatal health outcomes, emphasizing the need for vigilant prenatal monitoring and preparedness for immediate neonatal care, particularly in resource-limited settings like Bangladesh. This research contributes to the understanding of neonatal health in such contexts and underscores the importance of predictive assessments in improving perinatal health outcomes.

Introduction: Intra uterine fetal death is always an unacceptable event not only by the expecting mother and family but also by the obstetrician. Both the woman &amp; the obstetrician become desperate to know the cause of IUFD & its prevention in future pregnancy. In more than 50% cases causes of fetal death cannot be determined. Objective: To identify common risk factors associated with IUFD. Methods: It was a cross sectional study was conducted in the department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Rangpur Medical College Hospital, Rangpur over the period of 6 months dated from July 2017 to December 2017. Sample size: 50 cases. All pregnant woman after 28 weeks of gestational age who were admitted in antenatal ward of the Gynae & Obstetric department of Rangpur Medical College Hospital, Rangpur. During the study period all the patients with IUFD & Fetuses who does not show any signs of births were the study population of this study. Result: Total 50 patients included in your study. Table-I shows that most of the women with IUFD cases fall in the age group of 20-30years 76% and 72% of women had primary level of education. Most of the patient 70%were from middle class. All were housewife. Majority (88%) were from rural area. Majority 52% were primigravida, 50% were>36weeks of gestational age, history of abortion were in 14% cases & IUFD in 04% cases. None of the patient took regular antenatal care, most of the Patient (72%) took irregular ANC, and 28% of patient did not take any ANC. Hypertensive disorder was the major risk factors 34% which include chr. HTN. 08%, preeclampsia 10% & eclampsia 16%, Other risk factors were PROM 16%, Prolong labor and obstructed labour 12%, GDM 06%, Rupture uterus with previous C/S 10%, Placental factor 08%, Cord prolapse 06%, Severe IUGR 04%, no risk factors found in 04% cases. 72% of the cases had mild anaemia, 60% were normotensive & 40% had high blood pressure, Scar tenderness were found in 20% cases who had H/O C/S. the patient 58% had Hb% 08-10gm/dl, all were Rh+ve mother, PPBS raised in 06% cases. In USG liquor volume normal 20%, mild to moderate oligohydramnios in 44%, moderate to severe oligohydramnios in 20% & severe oligohydramnios in 16% cases. Shows vaginal delivery had occurred in 86% cases. 14% need operative intervention among which 10% laparotomy were due to rupture uterus & 04% LSCS were due to scar tenderness. Maternal outcome in 84% cases were uneventful. Wound infection occured in 12% cases & Puerperial sepsis occurred in 04% cases. Conclusions: PIH, PROM were leading causes of IUFD. Majority of women who had IUFD were emergency admission who had not received adequate antenatal care. A significant proportion of IUFD is preventable by health education to patients and community for regular antenatal care, about warning signs during antenatal period, hospital delivery and early referral.

Background: Caesarean section is the most common Obstetric surgical procedure. Repeat CS has been a significant contributor to the overall increase in CS rate and accounts for about one- third of all caesarean deliveries worldwide. Objective: This study aimed to determine the prevalence and outcome of repeat Caesarean section. Materials and methods: The study was a 3-year retrospective review of Caesarean sections, carried out between 1st July 2020 and 31st June 2023 in the department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of Rasheed Shekoni Federal University Teaching hospital. The case files of the participants were retrieved from the record department. Data analysis was carried out using IBM statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) version 26. Measured variables were expressed in frequencies and percentage. Test for association was done using chi-square non-parametric test, setting P-value at <0.05. Results: A total of 144 were repeat caesarean deliveries were performed out of 344 Caesarean sections done during the review period, giving an incidence rate of 41.9%. The mean age of the patients was 30.42 ± 50 years and the mean parity was 4.47±2.62. Most (51.39%) of the repeat CS were elective. Majority (93.06) of the patients had EBL ≤1000ml and most (82.6%) of the babies delivered had 5th minute Apgar score of ≥7. Conclusion: The repeat Caesarean section rate in this study is high. Similarly, the emergency Caesarean section rate at first and second order repeat Caesarean deliveries is high. Additionally maternal and fetal complications are higher among women lower order Caesarean deliveries.

Introduction: Abortion is a critical public health issue, particularly in developing countries like Bangladesh, where access to safe abortion services is often limited. This study aimed to analyze the characteristics and outcomes of abortion cases in a tertiary-level hospital setting, providing insights into the demographic profile of patients, nature and type of abortions, treatment methods, and post-abortion complications. Methods: This cross-sectional observational study was conducted at the department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Uttara Adhunik Medical College and Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh, from June 2022 to July 2023. A total of 100 patients were consecutively sampled based on specific inclusion and exclusion criteria. Data were collected through patient medical records and interviews, focusing on demographic information, details of the abortion, and subsequent outcomes. Result: The majority of patients were in the 26-30 age group (42%), with 58% being primigravida. Most abortions occurred in the early stages of pregnancy (<13 weeks, 75%). Incomplete abortions were the most common type (83%), and the majority of cases were spontaneous (84%). Surgical intervention (D&C) was the predominant treatment method (83%). While most patients (84%) did not experience complications, a minority faced significant health challenges, including shock (5%) and septicemia (3%). Conclusion: The study highlights a high incidence of incomplete abortions and a preference for surgical treatment in abortion cases at the tertiary hospital level in Bangladesh. These findings underscore the need for improved abortion care, enhanced patient education, and better access to comprehensive abortion services. The study's insights are crucial for informing policy and practice to improve reproductive health services and address the challenges of unsafe abortion practices in Bangladesh.

Introduction: Cancer remains a significant public health challenge globally, with varying prevalence and characteristics across different regions. This study aimed to analyze the prevalence and characteristics of cancer, with a particular focus on ovarian cancer, at Khwaja Yunus Ali Medical College & Hospital in Bangladesh. Methods: This retrospective study reviewed hospital records from January 2021 to August 2022, encompassing 6,785 cancer diagnoses of various types and affecting both genders. The study focused on the prevalence and characteristics of these cancers, particularly ovarian cancer, among female patients. Data on gender distribution, age distribution, and histological types of ovarian cancer were analyzed using descriptive statistics and comparative analyses. Result: The study revealed a nearly equal gender distribution among cancer patients, with females slightly outnumbering males (50.49% vs. 49.51%). Among the 3,426 female cancer patients, 3.24% were diagnosed with ovarian cancer. Within the gynecology ward subset (n=878), ovarian cancer accounted for 5.35% of cases. The age distribution of ovarian cancer patients ranged from 8 to 67 years, with a higher incidence in the 31-50 years age group. Histologically, Serous Cystadenoma was the most prevalent type of ovarian cancer (58.56%), followed by Teratoma (25.23%) and Endometrioid (16.22%). Conclusion: The study provides a comprehensive overview of cancer prevalence in Bangladesh, highlighting the significant presence of ovarian cancer among women, especially in their most productive years. The findings emphasize the need for early screening, awareness programs, and personalized treatment strategies, contributing valuable insights for healthcare policy and oncology research in low- and middle-income countries.

Introduction: Adequate prenatal treatment is crucial to supporting optimal fetal development, appropriate organogenesis, and a robust immune system in the infant. The nutritional status of the mother has a direct effect on both her own health and the health of her child. Methodology: This was a cross-sectional study conducted at the Obstetric Ward in Dhaka Medical College and Hospital from January 2019 to April 2019, and a total of 150 admitted mothers from the Obstetric Ward enrolled in this study. The data was collected using a pretested, modified questionnaire. The data was inputted and analyzed using the Statistical Package of Social Science (SPSS) software, specifically version 23.0. The study gained ethical clearance from the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of Dhaka Medical College and Hospital in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Objective: The study aimed to assess the knowledge of antenatal care among mothers admitted to the obstetric ward at Dhaka Medical College and Hospital. Results: According to age distribution, 50%, 41.3%, and 8.7% of the respondents belonged to the age groups of 15–25 years, 26–35 years, and 36–45 years, respectively, with a mean age of 26.47 ± 5.652 years. According to the distribution by family type, the majority of the respondents (66%) belonged to the nuclear family and only 34% were in the joint family. The study revealed that the majority of the respondents (25.3%) education was primary, followed by 20% being SSC, 34.7% being HSC, 7.3% being graduates and only 12.7% being illiterate. According to the distribution by profession, 71.3 percent of respondents were housewives and the rest of them, 28.7%, were in service. According to the distribution by residence, most of the respondents (48.7%) were from finished buildings, 10.7% were from semi-pucca buildings and only 40.7% were from other types of residence. Most respondents (73.3%) used sanitary toilets and only 26.7% used non-sanitary toilets. Most of the respondents (82%) were Muslims, 9.3% were Hindus, 4.7% were Christians, 2.7% were Buddhists, and only 1.3% had other religions. Among the respondents, (32.7%) had antenatal clinics available in their community and 67.3% had no antenatal clinics in their community. The majority of the respondents (66%) received antenatal care during pregnancy and 34% did not receive any antenatal care during pregnancy. Most of the respondents (86%) knew that vaccination was important during pregnancy and 14% had no knowledge of the importance of vaccination during pregnancy. Among the respondents, (48.7%) had knowledge of four ANC visits and 51.3% had two visits. The majority of the respondents (82.7%) had a normal mode of delivery and 17.3% had a cesarean section. The majority of the respondents (86.7%) received ANC in the clinic and 13.3% at home. Most of the respondents (88.7%) were more than 18 years old while getting married and 11.3% were less than 18 years old. Most of the respondents (90%) were 20 years old at the birth of their first baby, while 10% were less than 20 years old. The majority of the respondents (61.3%) babies’ birth weight was more than 2.5 kg at birth and 38.7% of respondents’ babies' birth weight was less than 2.5 kg at birth. The majority of the respondents (85.3%) got information from an NGO or hospital, 66% from TV, 0.7% from radio, 1.3% from print media, 6% from billboards, and 21.3% from family physicians. Finally, this study revealed a statistically significant association between the respondent’s knowledge about the toxemia of pregnancy and the age of the respondents (P = 0.001), as well as a highly significant association between the respondent’s sex and the written protocol for universal precaution. (P=0.000). Conclusion: This study revealed that the level of knowledge of the participants regarding antenatal care was moderate. To improve this situation, there is an urgent need for multi-channel awareness.