Introduction: During the period of pregnancy, many physical and social activities can become of great risk to the fetal and maternal outcome. Among the many physical ailments that have an effect on maternal and fetal outcome, hypertension and diabetes are the most common cause, and effects. During diabetes, maternal hypertension and gestational diabetes can occur, and can cause great changes to the outcome of pregnancy. The present study was conducted among all hypertension patients to see the different types of hypertension and their incidence rate among pregnant women, and their maternal and fetal outcomes at pregnancy. Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted at the Department of Gynecology, Kushtia 250 bed General Hospital, Kushtia, Bangladesh. The study duration was 1 year, from January 2020 to January 2021. During this period, a total of 100 cases of hypertensive pregnancies visiting the study place were admitted following the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Result: Majority of the hypertensive mothers had been between the ages of 21-25 years, while mean birth weight was below normal range among the neonates. Moderate preeclampsia had the highest prevalence among the mothers, and anemia and nulliparity were observed in 67% and 44% respectively as risk factors among the participants. Adverse perinatal outcome had a significantly high prevalence among neonates of preeclampsia groups. Conclusion: The study observed higher incidence of preeclampsia among pregnant women, and adverse perinatal outcomes had significant rise among preeclampsia cases. Anemia was the most common risk factor for hypertension in the present study, followed by Nulliparity. Adverse maternal outcomes did not have a significant association with type of hypertension, but seizure and oliguria were more common among preeclampsia cases.

Background: Preeclampsia, a hypertension condition that develops during pregnancy, is one of the most common causes of premature labour and delivery, perinatal death, and maternal mortality. Preeclampsia and other hypertensive diseases of pregnancy complicate a significant percentage of all pregnancies, necessitating early detection and warning. Objective: The aim of this study is to compare the presence of serum level of albumin, uric acid and creatinine in pregnant women who developed symptoms of preeclampsia and who are free from symptoms of preeclampsia. Method: A prospective study was carried out among 119 pregnant women in the outpatient Department of obstetrics and Gynaecology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, Bangladesh, from June 2005 July 2006.Details and data obtained from medical records section were analyzed. Results: Among 119 women, PE developed in 10 patients and 109 patients remain normotensive. Among the study group incidence of PE was 8.4%. The mean age was 25.48±5.26 vs 25.60±3.89 in control vs PE subjects respectively. At booking the mean SBP was 104.40±10.67 vs 121.50±6.26, mean DBP was 65.73±6.41 vs 68.00±5.87, mean MAP was 77.66±5.28 vs 78.62±6.39 respectively in control and PE subjects. The mean serum albumin (gm/dl) of the study groups were as follows: control 2.97±0.55 vs PE 3.73±0.52. Serum creatinine of the study group (0.78±8.5 and 0.79±6.11 in control vs PE) and serum uric acid (2.24±0.71 and 2.65±0.56 in control vs PE) shows no significant difference at booking visit. The sensitivity of S. albumin, uric acid and creatinine area is 50%, 10%, 0%. Specificity of serum albumin is 5.25%, uric acid is 9.09%. But specificity of creatinine is high (97%) positive predictive value of all parameters are low. PPV of serum albumin is 4.76%, serum creatinine is 6.6%. Negative predictive value of creatinine is high (72%). Negative predictive value of serum albumin and serum uric acid are 6.42% and 9.12% respectively. Conclusion: In developing nations, pre-eclampsia is a common cause of maternal and neonatal illness. In maternal serum, many biochemical markers of pre-eclampsia have been identified. Uric acid, creatinine, and albumin are only a few of them. Uncorrelated serum uric acid, serum creatinine, or serum urea readings are insufficient to be considered as reliable predictors of preeclampsia.

Introduction: Cervical cancer is a malignant neoplasm arising mainly in the transformation zone of the cervix. Cervical cancer is the second most common cancer among women worldwide after breast cancer. Squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma constitute the greatest burden, globally as well as in Bangladesh. Most patients in developing countries including Bangladesh present at advanced stage. Histopathological types of cervical cancer influence the treatment outcome when treated by radiation therapy. To reduce mortality from cervical cancer and improve survival, it is necessary to correlation of clinical presentation, staging and histopathological findings. Objectives: To find the correlation among clinical presentation, clinical staging and histopathological findings in patients with carcinoma cervix. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in the Gynaecologic division of the Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University Hospital, Dhaka over a period 6 months between October 2013 to March 2014. A total of 50 patients with histologically confirmed carcinoma cervix were consecutively included in the study. Clinical presentation, staging and histopathological grading were done to see the correlations among them. All information was recorded in data collection sheet. Data were analyzed by SPSS. Data were compared and correlated among groups and presented by tables and figures. Results: Over two-thirds (70%) of the patients were of age 50 or > 50 years with mean age being 51.8 ± 7.7 years indicating that carcinoma cervix is disease of late middle aged or elderly women. In the present study patients were predominantly at menopausal stage (76%). Vaginal discharge was the predominant complaints (66%) followed by irregular bleeding (54%), postcoital bleeding (34%) and foul smelling discharge per vagina. Seventy percent of the cases were clinically categorised as stage IB1 followed by IB2 (16%), IA (6%), IIB2 (4%) and IIIA (4%). Histopathologically majority of the cases was ranked as Grade-II (90%) and typed as squamous-cell carcinoma (94%). Based of clinical symptoms, 42% of the carcinoma cervix were predicted as having advanced disease, but based on clinical staging and histopathological 8% and 6% of the cases respectively were considered having advanced. Conclusion: Present study concluded that clinical staging well-correlates with histopathological grading, but prediction of the status of the disease with mere clinical symptoms may be misleading.

Introduction: Infertility affects approximately 10%-15% of reproductive-aged couples. Ovarian reserve describes the number of good-quality oocytes remaining within the ovaries. As a women ages, her ovarian reserve declines, principally due to apoptotic loss of primordial follicles. Serum AMH level is being considered a possible testing method for determining ovarian reserve. The aim of the study was to observe any association between serum Anti- Mullerian Hormone (AMH) level with patient age among subfertile patients. Methods: This cross-sectional observational study was conducted at the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Infertility Unit, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, Dhaka, Bangladesh. The study duration was 14 months, from October 2011 to December 2012. The present study was conducted with 86 women of the reproductive age group with subfertility. Result: There was a gradual linear decline of AMH observed with an increment of age. The mean value of FSH and LH gradually increased in the higher age groups of 40-45 years than in the lower age group of 21-30 years. The mean BMI levels were almost similar in all age groups, and no remarkable difference could be discerned. The difference in AMH levels among the different age groups was statistically significant. a statistically significant negative correlation between age and serum AMH was observed, while a significant positive correlation was observed between FSH and age. Conclusion: As the age of a women advances, the AMH level decreases. The serum AMH is negatively correlated with age and serum FSH is positively correlated with age.

Introduction: Mullerian ducts are the primordial analogue of female genital tract. They differentiate to form the fallopian tubes, uterine body, cervix and upper part of the vagina. A wide variety of malformation occur when this system is disrupted. The range from uterine agenesis, duplication of uterus to minor cavity abnormalities. All these congenital anomalies have been implicated as a potential cause for impaired reproductive outcome. Our aim was to evaluate the association between different types of congenital anomaly and various reproductive outcome. Material & Methods: This cross sectional descriptive study was conducted at the Department of gynae and obstetrics in Dhaka Community Medical College and Hospital (DCMCH), Ad-din Women’s Medical College and Hospital and Gonoshasthaya Samaj Vittik Medical College and Hospital during the period of March 2012 to September 2022.The study subjects were women with uterine anomalies who were diagnosed during evaluation of causes for bad obstetric history, during infertility work up or incidental findings during antenatal investigations or during Carsarian section . Reproductive outcomes were observed in the form of infertility, miscarriage, preterm delivery, ectopic pregnancy, intra uterine growth retardation (IUGR) and post-partum haemorrhage (PPH). These were recorded in a standard research questionnaire. Data were analyzed regarding types of uterine anomalies and their reproductive performance. Results: During the study period total 84 patients were recruited with uterine anomalies. Regarding distributions of uterine anomalies in study subjects the most common uterine anomaly was bicornuate uterus (n-32,38%), followed by arcuate uterus (n-18,21%), septate uterus (n-16,19%), unicornuate uterus (n-12,14%), and uterine didelphys (n-6,7. 1%).Women with bicornuate uterus was associated with miscarriage (37.25%), term delivery (31.25%) and preterm delivery (25%). Therefore, bicornuate uterus was found more evident with miscarriage. Only two cases of ectopic pregnancy were observed in the study which was found with bicornuate uterus. And in arcuate uterus percentage of preterm delivery was 44.4%, term delivery 33.3%, miscarriage only 22.2%. Therefore, arcuate uterus was more associated with preterm delivery. In septate uterus miscarriage was maximum (37.5%) followed byl term and pre term delivery, 12.5% each We found 12 cases of unicornuateuterus, where pregnancy continued to term in 6(50%) cases,2 aborted and 4(33.3)were delivered before term. Infertility was more associated with canalization defect, 6 cases with septate and 2 with didelphys uterus. Among live births (preterm and term deliveries,) malpresentation (breech, transverse) was more common in bicornuate uterus (44%).PPh was found in 2 cases of didelphys and two of bicornuate uterus. One case of septate and one from bicornuate uterus were associated with IUGR. Conclusion: The study makes clear that congenital uterine anomaly is associated with poor reproductive outcome. The exact effect is dependent on the type of anomaly.

Background: Caesarean section is one of the common surgical interventions to save lives of the mothers and/or the newborns. However there is an alarming rise in caesarean section leading to increased adverse outcomes for both the mother and fetus when compared with vaginal delivery. Within this increasing caesarean section rate, there is a concerning increase in the rate of second stage caesarean section. Due to a limited literature regarding this topic in the Indian scenario, the present study was done to assess the predisposing factors, indications of second stage caesarean section and its fetomaternal outcome. Material and Methods: In Present descriptive longitudinal study 211 patient’s undergone caesarean sections at full cervical dilatation were included as per inclusion and exclusion criteria. A pilot study was done for validation, practicality and applicability of questionnaire. Results: In present study most cases were in the age group of 26 to 30 years (38.38%). The most common indication for emergency second stage caesarean section was non-progression of labour followed by obstructed labour. Atopic PPH, hematuria was the commonest intraoperative complications while pyrexia, prolong catheterization was the predominant post-operative complications NICU admission needed for 16.11% babies due to birth asphyxia and respiratory distress. Conclusions: Caesarean section in the 2nd stage of labor is associated with maternal and neonatal morbidity and mortality. These factors needs to be anticipated to reduce mortality and morbidity associated with it. A proper judgment is required by a skilled obstetrician to take a decision for caesarean section at full cervical dilatation.

Background: Cabergoline is effective in the treatment of hyperprolactinemic hypogonadism. It is a highly effective and long-acting inhibitor of prolactin secretion. The rate of cabergoline-induced pregnancy in women with prolactinoma, is unknown. Objective: The aim of present study is to evaluate the efficacy and safety of high-dose cabergoline therapy for hyperprolactinemic infertility among Bangladeshi women. Method: This descriptive cross- sectional study was conducted among 50 patients from January, 2020 to January, 2022 in at The Medinova Diagnostic Centre, Sylhet, Bangladesh. Results: In our study, maximum (14) patients belong to the age group of 19 to 23 years, and minimum number of patients (4) was between 39 to 43 years. Maximum (52%) patients had the primary infertility and 48% had secondary infertility. The mean values of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH) and prolactin PRL is 3.93±6.58, 10.96±13.58, 9.83±6.8, and 12.46±14.39 respectively and these were significant. 12% patients had PCO and 88% patients were normal in our study. 78% semens were normal, 4% semen showed Azzospermia, 14% semens showed Oligo Astheno Spine and 4% semens showed Astheno spine. Conclusion: In infertile women with prolactinoma, cabergoline can achieve a high pregnancy rate with uneventful outcomes. The findings demonstrated that cabergoline can be used safely to improve menstrual cycles in hyperprolactinemia.

Introduction: Maternal mortality remains a significant public health challenge, particularly in low-resource settings like Bangladesh, where access to quality maternal healthcare is often limited. Financial assistance programs, technological innovations, and improved healthcare access have shown promise in reducing maternal complications and mortality. This study evaluates the impact of these interventions on maternal health outcomes in Bangladesh, highlighting key factors influencing healthcare utilization and identifying strategies to enhance maternal survival. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in Maternity Center, Madhupur, Tangail, Bangladesh during the period from January 2021 to December 2022, Dhaka, Bangladesh. A total of 110 pregnant and postpartum women were included in the study. Data were analyzed using SPSS (version 25.0), with p < 0.05 considered statistically significant. Result: The study found that demographic factors such as rural residence (78.2%) and low socioeconomic status (60%) influenced maternal healthcare access in Bangladesh. While 64.5% of deliveries occurred in healthcare facilities, 35.5% still took place at home, with 72.7% attended by skilled birth attendants (SBAs). Financial assistance significantly improved maternal healthcare utilization, leading to higher rates of ANC visits (85.5% vs. 52.7%), facility-based deliveries (78.2% vs. 50.9%), and postnatal care utilization (82.7% vs. 48.2%). Technological interventions such as mHealth (35.5% reduction in complications), portable ultrasound (41.8% early detection of high-risk pregnancies), and NASG (50% reduction in PPH mortality) showed substantial benefits. Conclusion: This study highlights the impact of financial assistance, technological innovations, and healthcare facility improvements in reducing maternal mortality in Bangladesh. Women who received financial support had significantly higher utilization of antenatal, delivery, and postnatal care services, demonstrating the importance of economic interventions in maternal health.