Since the creation of the world, to the rising and falling of empires and kingdoms, the development and evolution of civilisations from one generation to another, from the movement of explorers to the days of colonisation, no country has ever existed as an island. Languages and cultures around the world have constantly influenced and impacted one another in different ways through the exchange of linguistic and cultural practices, and the world has increasingly remained a global village of diversities and similarities. Languages and cultures have consistently borrowed from one another and continue to do so. This article therefore, studies how the Ngwo language has borrowed and continues to borrow from other languages to enrich its linguistic repertoire. Sources, domains and modifications employed in the reception of lexical items into the Ngwo language system are discussed. The process of borrowing changes over time as discussed in new generation borrowing. The article shares opinion on the merits and demerits of the process to the Ngwo language. Relexicalisation is discussed as a negative aspect of borrowing as it can apply to other Cameroonian languages in particular and African languages in general.

This article examines how disability and gender intersect in contemporary Malayalam crime fiction through Sreeparvathy’s Violet Pookkalude Maranam (2021), which introduces Aleena Ben John, a wheelchair-using woman, as its central detective. The study situates Sreeparvathy’s work within Kerala’s evolving literary landscape, where disability has rarely occupied a central position in fiction and is often represented through metaphors of dependence, tragedy, or moral burden. Drawing on Fiona Kumari Campbell’s theory of ableism and key insights from Feminist Disability Studies, the article analyses how Aleena’s narrative oscillates between empowerment and internalised shame. While her role as a detective appears to challenge patriarchal and ableist frameworks, her self-perception and limited social agency reveal deep-seated cultural anxieties about the disabled female body. Through a close reading of the novel’s narrative structure and psychological interiority, the article argues that Violet Pookkalude Maranam both expands and constrains the possibilities of representing disabled womanhood in Malayalam literature. By exploring disability not as metaphor but as lived experience, this study contributes to understanding how gendered embodiment and genre conventions shape the politics of visibility and agency in Kerala’s popular fiction.

This study investigates the linguistic practices of the queer community in Delta State, Nigeria, focusing on the morph-semantic features of its language. Using qualitative methods including interviews, questionnaires, focus group discussions, and WhatsApp chat analysis the research identifies lexical items peculiar to the LGBT community and examines the processes of word formation and semantic variation. Drawing on Laurie Bauer’s morphological productivity theory, the study uncovers innovative morphological structures and semantic shifts reflecting identity, secrecy, and solidarity. Findings reveal that queer language in Delta State exhibits high morphological productivity, incorporating affixation, clipping, compounding, and borrowing. Many lexical items have no direct equivalents in Standard English and exhibit meanings accessible only to insiders. The research underscores the intersection of language, identity, and marginalization in sociolinguistic discourse and contributes to the documentation of underexplored Nigerian linguistic varieties.

This study examines how Rabindranath Tagore’s Gitanjali develops a sustained system of imagery that resonates with the non-dual philosophical orientation of Advaita Vedānta. Through close readings of selected poems, the article analyses how sensory metaphors ranging from images of divine immanence and the surrender of the limited self to representations of silence as an inner contemplative space and the flowing continuity of life collectively gesture toward a vision of underlying unity beneath the diversity of the phenomenal world. Recent scholarship that situates Tagore alongside Advaita-oriented thinkers such as Vivekananda and Ramana Maharshi (Kumar & Annapurna, 2025), along with earlier critical accounts that perceived non-dual undertones in Gitanjali’s initial global reception (Ananthan, 2018), reinforces the plausibility of reading the text within a non-dual framework. Rather than collapsing Tagore’s devotional lyricism into strict philosophical discourse, this study foregrounds imagery as the medium through which the poet aesthetically performs Advaita’s central insights, revealing a poetic grammar that intertwines mystical experience with metaphysical intuition.

Emerging from the dark confines of carceral spaces, prison literature has become a formative genre that exposes the hidden realities of state-sanctioned persecution across the globe. Yet, the voices of women in Indian prison narratives, particularly during the colonial era, often remain marginal and unheard. This research paper engages with the compelling testimony of Urmila Shastri, an overlooked freedom fighter whose memoir, My Days in Prison (2012), offers an unflinching account of her physical and emotional suffering during incarceration. Through close analysis of Shastri’s experiences, the paper illuminates the pervasive malfeasance, abusive power dynamics, and indifference of prison authorities, revealing them as systemic obstacles to reform and justice. By foregrounding the everyday atrocities and discrimination within colonial jails especially as faced by women the study interrogates whether contemporary confinement serves its ostensible rehabilitative purpose, or instead perpetuates cycles of injustice and dehumanization. The paper further evaluates the reformative proposals advanced by Shastri, interrogating their feasibility and transformative potential, and situates her voice within a wider discourse on prison, reformation, human rights, and the continuing struggles of marginalized women prisoners in India.