Northanger Abbey is one of Jane Austen's six novels which contains rich connotation and profound implication. Female education is the theme of the novel. With the help of Gothic novels, Austen interprets the theme of female education in the framework of Catherine and Henry's love and marriage story, and explores how young men and women find their own marriage partners under the pressure of society and the times. Jane Austen expressed her progressive view of female education. She thinks that only relying on parents' education at home can not cultivate mature and rational qualified women. They also need to step into the society and read novels to get personal growth in these activities of communicating with others. In Austen's time, a popular educational concept strongly advocates that women should receive family education to ensure their physical and mental purity, and believes that novels will corrupt their hearts and lead them astray. Austen's view is progressive and positive at that time. She points out the importance of rationality to emotion and imagination, and defends the art of fiction including Gothic novels.

Due to its ambiguous nature, culture is one of the most difficult human phenomenons to define. Sociologists and Linguists are continuously expanding the aspects of what constitutes culture in an effort to understand how our individual identities can coexist as simultaneous members of a global community. This paper analysed various theories and literature in relation to the concept of culture in an effort to determine the effect it has on English as a second language (ESL) students. It discovered that although spoken and written discourse is integral to succeeding in a community, there are several non-linguistic methods of communication that can help ESL students to participate and become accepted members of their chosen second language society. This paper also compared the differences between individual and collective cultures and the social and environmental impact they can have on its participants.

Translation of poetry has always been a difficult problem. Questions like what form to adopt, whether to retain the original structure, how to choose words, etc. have long confused numerous experts and translators. The text type theory proposed by German translation theorist Katrina Rice believes that poetry, a typical expressive type, should be translated as faithfully as possible to the original text, and this theory provides a theoretical basis for translators to choose a better translation strategy. This paper takes The Poems of Emily Dickinson translated by Zhou Jianxin as an example to analyze the application of text type theory in poetry translation. The translation has high faithfulness to the original text, including not only the form and the meaning of the poem, but also its aesthetic features and the personal style of the poet, which is a good sample of the application of text type theory. It provides a reference for subsequent translators to translate poetry, and also shows a practical path for translations of foreign poetry.

Based on the theoretical framework of POA, this paper intends to evaluate an English textbook—Going Global (Elementary) through three criteria: "appropriateness of output objectives"，"effectiveness of facilitation activities" and "achievement of output goals". By means of interviews and a questionnaire, the research results show that Going Global (Elementary) fit the evaluation criteria of POA in general. However, this textbook also has some limitations which needs further improvement.

With the conversion of traditional energy sources to new energy sources, the dissemination of informative texts on energy is increasing. The book Energy Transition, written by a famous French energy expert Bertrand Cassoret, has a strong reference effect on China's current energy transition. As one of the three major text types, the importance of informative texts is self-evident. This type of text is characterized by its strong practicality and contains many technical terms and complex sentences. Communicative translation theory focuses on the dissemination of information and the reader's response and is suitable for guiding the translation of informative texts. Guided by communicative translation theory, this paper explores different translation techniques in conjunction with the translation examples in Chapters 6 and 7 of this book. In terms of vocabulary, the method of part-of-speech conversion is used to convert nouns into verbs. In terms of sentences, the translation skills of voice conversion, inversion, addition and subtraction are adopted. According to communicative translation theory, the translator tries to make the language easier for the target readers to understand, thus achieving the purpose of information dissemination.

The aim of present investigation to formulate bilayer tablets of posaconazole by using solvent evaporation technique. Posaconazole belongs to BCS class 2 which has high permeability and low solubility. In order to enhance the solubility of posaconazole solvent evaporation technique was applied where HPMC AS was used as carrier. This tablet consist of two layers of which first layer serves as loading dose which produce immediate release of drug and second layer serves as maintenance dose that provide controlled release of drug. The whole bilayer tablet is coated with Eudragit L30D55 to produce delayed release and protect drug from acid environment in stomach. The drug excipient compatibility study was performed by FTIR and no interaction was found. Croscaramellose was used in immediate release layer as superdisintegrant. Methocel K100M and Methocel E5M are used for sustain drug release in control release layer. The powder blend for evaluated for flow properties like angle of repose, bulk density, tapped density, Carr’s index and Hausner’s ratio which showed good results. Invitro dissolution studies was performed with USP dissolution apparatus 2- Paddle type. Invitro dissolution was performed for 2 hours in 0.1N HCl which showed no drug release followed by 6.8 phosphate buffer for 12 hours. The bilayer tablet showed initial release to provide loading dose of drug followed by controlled release up to 12 hours. Change in concentration of polymer and superdisintegrant showed impact on drug release profile. Increase in concentration of superdisintegrant in immediate release layer showed increased % drug release. Whereas increase in sustain release polymers in controlled release layer showed decrease % drug release. F9 batch showed satisfactory release up to 100% for 12 hours and was selected as best formulation. Reproducible batch for F9 was formulated and called F10 which also showed satisfactory results.

The concept of ‘New Woman’, a feminist ideal, emerged in the late 19th Century is one of the most explored themes in men and women writing. The phrase “New Woman” has been defined differently in different contexts, by men and women writers. Men writers tend to depict ‘new woman’ as the one who goes against the traditional norms and ethics to fulfill her desires following western culture and never minds her family and values, on the other hand women writers present her as progressive and conscious of her rights to contribute greatly for general welfare, playing a supportive role in the society and family. This is the significant shift that women writers focus in their writings through their realistic representation of new womanhood traumatised by socio-cultural constructs. The impetus for this study is drawn from the centrality of psychological trauma and internal anguish faced by the three generations of women characters - Kalyani, Sumi and Aru - in Shashi Deshpande’s novel, A Matter of Time, set in coterminous patriarchal Indian society. Facing the repression in the male dominated, tradition bound society, they resist the wrongs within the culturally determined space and gain their identity. The study concludes that the essence of ‘New Womanhood’ does not ascribe autonomy and individuation of woman through radicalism, rebellion or opposition of action; but expression of agency through self-actualization, as Deshpande’s repressed characters show in A Matter of Time. The research methods applied in the study shall be textual and discourse analysis along with psychoanalytic feminism.

This pilot study examines the production of Egyptian Arabic (henceforth EA) adjunct wh-questions (e.g., when) among two EA-English bilingual Children living in Ontario, Canada and an EA monolingual child living in Cairo, Egypt. The control group consists of two first-generation adult Egyptian immigrants in Ontario, Canada. The focus of the study is on the position of wh-phrases in EA wh-adjuncts, which exhibits a surface overlap between English and EA. In typical English wh-adjuncts, and wh-arguments as well, leaving the wh-phrase where it was originally generated (wh-in-situ) is ungrammatical and the wh-phrase must occur clause-initially (fronted wh-phrase) (Radford, 2004). In EA wh-adjuncts, there are two possible positions of the wh-phrase, fronted wh-phrase and wh-in-situ (Wahba, 1984). Findings from an oral elicited production task showed that the EA monolingual child significantly preferred wh-in-situ (94.4% of the time), and a fronted wh-phrase occurred only once in his responses. In contrast, the EA-English bilingual children predominantly preferred fronting the wh-phrase (97.3% of the time). As the fronted wh-question is the only grammatical option in typical English wh-questions, this result may indicate a possible crosslinguistic influence from English, the majority language of the bilinguals’ society, into EA. Regarding the adult controls, they showed true optionality as they produced roughly around the same amount of the fronted wh-phrase and wh-in-situ, 52.8% and 47.2% respectively. The results are discussed in relation to the crosslinguistic influence hypothesis of Müller and Hulk (2001) and the developmental trajectory proposed by Shin & Miller (2021).

This article aims to analyze the research trend and hotspots in the field of comparative literature by using the method of bibliometrics. The data is derived from the Web of Science Core Collection Database. The visualization software VOSViewer is utilized to draw keyword co-occurrence knowledge graph. R programming language is employed to analyze the quantity of publications, core journals, highly cited papers, the most contributing authors, and keyword word cloud. The results indicate that ever since 1975, this study field has entered a period of rapid development; top journals with most publications are mainly from France, the United States, the United Kingdom and Canada. Most of the highly cited articles have emerged in the recent two decades, and quite a few of them inherit the academic tradition of adopting a geographic perspective. The keyword word cloud and the keyword co-ocurrence knowledge mapping reveal that comparative literature study is shifting its focus from literary history and intertextuality to identity, culture, literary theory and world literature. The recent reserch hotspots in this field are mainly identity, culture, world literature, literary theory, Latin American literature, appropriation, genre, theatre, ethics and digital humanities, etc.